Add a few drops of milk or half a teaspoon of powdered milk.
Switch on the torch and shine down into the water, it should appear blue.
Shine the torch through one side of the jar. The torch should be near the middle.
Go to the other side and look at the light through the water.
The water should appear pink, while the area directly in line with the torch should appear a yellow-orange colour.
What's happening?
On a clear day, the sky looks bright blue. At dusk, a sunset can show reds, pinks and oranges. Why is the sky blue? What makes the sunset red?
When you look up in the sky it is actually scattered blue light that you are seeing.
The sun produces white light, which is made up of light of all colours: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet - these are the colours you find in a rainbow. Light is a wave, and each of these colours corresponds to a different frequency, and therefore wavelength, of light. The seven colours of spectrum all have different wavelengths and they are arranged accordingly. Violet, indigo and blue light have a higher frequency - which means shorter wavelength - than red, orange, and yellow light.
When the white light from the sun shines through the earth's atmosphere, it collides with gas molecules. It is these molecules that scatter the light. Blue light has a short wavelength, which means it is scattered ten times more than red light.
But why does the sky become pink and red at sunset? The sky changes colour because the atmosphere spreads the light in a different way according to the position of the sun.
The red light that is not scattered continues on in its original direction. When the sun is on the horizon, its light takes a longer path through the atmosphere to your eyes than when the sun is directly overhead. By the time the light of the setting sun reaches your eyes, most of the blue light has been scattered out. The light you finally see is reddish orange, the colour of white light minus blue.
In this activity you changed the colour your saw by changing the position of the beam of light. Similarly, the sky appears a different colour depending on the position of the sun. The water containing milk molecules causes the light to scatter in the same way the molecules in the atmosphere do.
The atmosphere is the mixture of gas molecules and other materials surrounding the earth. It is made mostly of the gases nitrogen and oxygen. Argon gas and water are the next most common things. There are also small amounts of other gases, plus many small solid particles, like dust, soot and ashes, pollen, and salt from the oceans. It is these molecules that cause the scattering of light.
The most brilliant sunsets occur when there are lots dust and smoke particles in the air - so beautiful sunsets often occur over polluted cities.
Applications
The visible light that we see is only a very small part of all the radiation that comes from the sun. The sun also produces infrared and ultraviolet rays, X-rays, gamma rays, radio waves and microwaves. Grouped together they form the electromagnetic spectrum. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation lies just beyond the blue end of the visible spectrum.
Exposure to the UV radiation in sunlight is the major cause of skin cancer in Australia. Australia has the highest incidence of skin cancer in the world-two out of every three Australians living to the age of 75 are likely to develop the disease.
There are good reasons to be concerned that UV absorption by the eye may contribute to age-related changes in the eye and a number of serious eye diseases. Protection can be achieved by simple, safe and inexpensive methods such as wearing a brimmed hat and using eyewear that absorbs UV radiation.
Add the powdered milk a pinch at a time and stir until you can see a bluish-white beam shining through the mixture.
Have a look at the beam from the side of the jar. It should appear a red-yellow colour.
