The CSIRO Climate Adaptation Flagship has brought together a team of researchers to identify how climate change will affect Australia’s oceans, and how we can respond to these changes.
Introduction
This web page provides an introduction to CSIRO's research on adapting to the impacts of climate change in the marine environment. For more information, reports, and updates visit the CSIRO Marine Climate Impacts and Adaptation website.
Valuable marine resources
Our oceans generate significant economic wealth - about A$52 billion per year or 8 per cent of gross domestic product - through activities such as fisheries, tourism and recreation, shipping and offshore gas and petroleum extraction.
Fisheries and aquaculture are important industries in Australia, both economically (gross value over A$2.5 billion) and socially. Marine-based tourism is also vital to many coastal townships.
Marine life and ecosystems provide invaluable ecosystem services such as recycling nutrients, regulating greenhouse gases, and buffering the coastline against waves and storms.
Climate change impacts on marine life
Climate change represents a threat to the economic and ecological sustainability of fisheries, aquaculture and tourism, as well as to the critical ecosystem services that underpin the beachside lifestyle enjoyed by millions of Australians.
The ocean is a major heat sink. Observations since 1961 show that about 80 per cent of the heat added to the climate system has been absorbed by the ocean, which has undergone a temperature increase to a depth of at least 3 000 m.
The best available estimate of expected sea surface temperature change by 2030 is an increase of 0.6-0.9 ºC in the southern Tasman Sea and off the north-west shelf of Western Australia, and 0.3-0.6 ºC elsewhere.
Notable impacts of climate change on marine life have already been observed throughout the world – principally due to the existence of long-term data series that enable researchers to monitor changes over many decades.
As well as affecting the earth’s climate, carbon dioxide emissions can also cause ocean acidification.
For example, recent warming of tropical waters has led to repeated mass coral bleaching events on the Great Barrier Reef and elsewhere, a phenomenon not observed globally before 1979.
Research by Australian scientists indicates there will inevitably be flow-on implications for human societies and economies, particularly those in coastal regions of Australia highly dependent on the marine environment and its resources.
Questions for science
A number of key questions that need to be addressed by future modelling, monitoring and research programmes have been identified by the Climate Adaptation Flagship research team:
-
How will the distribution and abundance of marine species and communities alter with climate change?
-
Which species are candidate indicators for climate change impacts?
-
Within large marine regions (for example, the Great Australian Bight or the Great Barrier Reef) where are sensitive areas or hotspots of change?
-
How will ocean productivity alter with climate change?
-
How would reduction in non-climate related stressors increase ecosystem resilience to climate change?
-
What information is required to develop appropriate adaptation options for marine ecosystems?
-
What tools can be developed to assist policy-makers and environmental managers make adaptation decisions?
Data about the effects of climate change on Australia’s ocean territory is sparse, mainly due to a lack of historical long-term data collection. Importantly, little modelling has been conducted to predict future changes in Australian marine ecosystems.
This remains a critical gap in formulating a strategic national assessment of climate change impacts so that appropriate policies and management strategies can be developed.
Integrated Marine Research
Although rising temperature is a prominent driver of observed changes in Australia’s marine environment, other stressors such as ocean acidification, fishing, coastal runoff and pollution also have a strong influence, and threaten to reduce ecosystem resilience to climate change.
The Climate Adaptation Flagship works hand-in-hand with CSIRO’s Wealth from Oceans Flagship to deliver the best available science to underpin integrated, adaptive approaches to marine management.
By bringing together scientists from a range of disciplines across CSIRO, we develop marine adaptation options to assist policy-makers, resource managers, communities and individuals to respond to the impacts of climate change on our oceans.
Read more about marine climate impacts and adaptation.
Site Map | Legal Notice and Disclaimer | Privacy | Copyright | Last updated: 5 December 2008
