Growing Australia’s impact internationally: 
Cropping system intensification in the 
salt-affected coastal zone of the Ganges Delta

Impact story | Tahlia Jones, Samantha Stone Jovicich, 
Kate Langford, Mark Glover and Mohammed Mainuddin 

July 2025



Contents

Impact Story .................................................................................................................................................1Challenge ....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................1CSIRO and partners’ response.................................................................................................................................1Key outcomes...........................................................................................................................................................2How the outcomes were achieved..........................................................................................................................6Looking back: Key reflections and lessons learned ..............................................................................................8Looking forwards: where to next...........................................................................................................................9Acknowledgements..................................................................................................................................................9Appendix 1. Summary of projects delivering cropping systems 
intensification in the salt-affected coastal zone of the Ganges Delta..........................................................................112Appendix 2. The project mapped against the Theory of Change for 
CSIRO A&F Secure Food Systems Impact Area ...............................................................................................................1Appendix 3. High level engagements, media and awards............................................................................................13Appendix 4. Sources of information and additional resources.....................................................................................15
A woman farmer looking at her watermelon field, Dacope, Khulna, Bangladesh



Impact Story 

Challenge 

The coastal zone of the Ganges Delta in Bangladesh and 
West-Bengal, India, is disadvantaged by food insecurity, 
environmental vulnerability, and limited livelihood 
opportunities. The region is exposed to tidal floods, storm 
surges, tropical cyclones, riverbank erosion, and salinity 
intrusion (Akter et al., 2019)1
1 Akter, R., Asik, T. Z., Sakib, M., et al (2019). The Dominant Climate 
Change Event for Salinity Intrusion in the GBM Delta. Climate, 7(5), 69. 
https://doi.org/10.3390/cli7050069

. Traditionally, smallholder 
farmers in this salt-affected area produce low-yielding local 
rice varieties under rainfed conditions in the Kharif (wet) 
season. In the Rabi (dry) season, most agricultural land 
remains uncultivated due to prolonged waterlogging, high 
soil salinity, and a lack of freshwater for irrigation. 

Poverty alleviation and food security are a priority for the 
governments of Bangladesh and India. Over 60 million live 
in the coastal zones of the Ganges Delta (nearly 40 million 
in Bangladesh and 23 million in West Bengal India), with 
90% reliant on agriculture for their livelihoods (Rahman et 
al., 2022)2
2 Rahman, M. M., A. Haque, R. J. Nicholls, et al (2022). Sustainability of the 
coastal zone of the Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna delta under climatic and 
anthropogenic stresses. Science of The Total Environment 829: 154547.

. Hence, innovative and transformative research 
development to improve smallholder farmers’ cultivation of 
salt-affected fallow lands during the Rabi season is key to 
navigating the growing complexities and challenges along 
this coastal region. 

CSIRO and partners’ response

CSIRO has been collaborating with Bangladeshi and Indian 
organisations on water and food security since the mid-
1990s, with funding from the Australian Government, 
including the Australian Centre for International Agricultural 
Research (ACIAR) and the Department of Foreign Affairs 
and Trade (DFAT). With funding from ACIAR, CSIRO led a 
scoping study in 2011 that resulted in Phase 1 (2015-2020) 
of the project Cropping systems intensification in the salt-
affected coastal zone of Bangladesh and West Bengal, India. 
The project aimed to sustainably increase cropping intensity 
and productivity in the coastal zones of Bangladesh and 
West Bengal particularly during the Rabi (dry) season 
through integrated soil, water and crop management. The 
project was led by CSIRO in partnership with five research 
organisations in Bangladesh, four in India, and Murdoch 
University in Australia (see Appendix 1 for full list of 
partners). In the first phase of this work, multidisciplinary 
teams carried out research on crop adaptation and soil and 
water management strategies for increasing crop yields in 
the Kharif season and cultivation in the Rabi season across 
a variety of locations. The project subsequently received 
additional funding for a Phase 2 (2021-2026) from the 
Government of Bangladesh (AU$1.25 million) for in-country 
project partner research organisations to scale-out the 
farming practices, and from ACIAR (AU$3.25 million) for 
CSIRO to further assess options for increasing cropping 
intensity and diversity, and livelihood opportunities. During 
this second phase, the team also explored and refined 
suitable climate-smart agriculture options; out-scaling 
of fit-for-purpose and profitable technologies through 
experimentation and demonstration in the wider region; 
integration of extensive on-farm mapping through remote 
sensing analysis; development of resilient farming strategies 
through vulnerability and climate risk assessment; and 
socio-economic modelling and analysis. 



Key outcomes

CSIRO’s and partners’ 10 years of cropping intensification research in the Ganges Delta led to significant science and 
technology innovations and outcomes for farmers, local research organisations and the agrifood system in the southern 
coastal zone of the Ganges River in Bangladesh and India. These are summarised in the table below, followed by further 
details.

Improved understanding of soil, 
water and salt dynamics and 
coastal region characteristics

The project filled key knowledge gaps in soil, water and salt dynamics and balance, leading to 
improved understanding of groundwater and salinity interactions; and the impacts of climate 
change, existing farm practices, and cyclone-induced inundation. The project also improved 
multiscale understanding of the characteristics of the Ganges River coastal zone. 

Filling these knowledge gaps has been critical for the development soil, water and crop 
management strategies to improve crop intensity and productivity, and provided the 
foundational knowledge for the project to further test and demonstrate climate-smart, profitable 
cropping technologies in a wider region of the Ganges Delta.

Co-development and co-piloting 
of innovative farm management 
strategies

The project co-developed and co-piloted with farmers a range of farm management strategies. 
These included soil, water and crop management strategies for increasing yields in the Kharif 
(wet) season and capacity to grow crops in the Rabi (dry) season, across a variety of locations. 
This led to the development of a breakthrough innovative cropping technology – zero-tillage 
potato cultivation. The project also worked with farmers to improve storage of crops and linkages 
to markets. 

Capacity building of smallholder 
farmers, including women, and 
in-country project partners and 
scientists 

The project strengthened the technical and science expertise and capabilities of smallholder 
farmers, scientists, and research organisations in the region. This is strengthening Bangladesh’s 
and West Bengal’s capacity to achieve greater future water and food security in the Ganges Delta.

Strengthened smallholder farmer 
cooperation and coordination 

The project initiated and facilitated greater cooperation and coordination among smallholder 
farmers involved in the projects in water resource management and sluice gate operations. 
Community-based water storing and management is critical for irrigation of Rabi season crops 
and improving cropping intensification in the Ganges Delta.

Increased investments from in-
country government partners 

The Government of Bangladesh invested a further AU$1.125m in local research organisations 
to build upon and extend the project’s findings in sunflower, dry season rice and water and soil 
salinity management. This was complemented by special budget funding from the Bangladesh 
Government, leading to significant investment in scaling the project’s technologies and providing 
farmers with free seeds, fertilisers, and advanced technologies. These substantial government 
investments have been crucial to increasing crop cultivation in the Ganges Delta, particularly 
during the Rabi season. 

Increase in cultivation of fallow 
land, crop productivity, and 
profits for smallholder farmers

Within and beyond project sites, there has been a significant increase in previously fallow land 
currently under cultivation (~70% increase) during the Rabi season, with greater intensification 
and diversity of crops planted. That has resulted in increases in crop yields and profits and 
consequently socio-economic and livelihood benefits for smallholder farmers, including 
women farmers.

Out-scaling of climate-smart, 
profitable cropping technologies 

The project’s successful demonstration of climate-smart, profitable integrated soil, water, and 
cropping strategies and cropping technologies has led to additional investments for further 
exchange of knowledge, demonstration, and scaling out technologies in the Ganges Delta, the 
Pacific and other regions. This includes further testing of zero-tillage potato cultivation by an 
international organisation (International Potato Centre) across a wider region in Asia, and in Latin 
America and Africa. 

Significant high-level 
government engagement, media 
attention, and awards

The project has received significant interest and engagement from high-level government 
officials from Bangladesh, India and Australia. It also has garnered extensive coverage in a 
wide array of electronic and print media in Bangladesh, India and beyond; and won prestigious 
CSIRO awards.







Improved understanding of soil, water and salt dynamics, 
and coastal region characteristics. Prior to the project, 
there was limited understanding of soil, water and salt 
dynamics and balance in the coastal zone of the Ganges 
River – knowledge that is critical for the development of 
farm management strategies to improve crop productivity 
and livelihood benefits. The project increased understanding 
of salinization processes, surface water, groundwater 
and salinity interactions; and impacts of climate change, 
farm management strategies, and cyclone-induced flood 
inundation on the salt and water balances of smallholders’ 
polders (large areas of land that are enclosed by man-made 
earth embankments to protect against seawater flooding), 
and ways of recovering polders following a flood inundation 
event. Filling these knowledge gaps allowed for more 
accurate assessments of the impact of crop, soil, water, and 
salt management strategies on crop yields, the environment 
in polders, and other salt-affected areas. 

Additionally, the project enhanced understanding of the 
characteristics of the Ganges River’s coastal environment. 
This was achieved via the development of a tool using 
Data-Cube and Google Earth Engine (GEE) and a web-
based modelling platform using APSIM which generated 
a multiscale visualisation of the region. By producing a 
series of maps and management guidelines for mitigating 
risks of untimely and unexpected events (e.g., untimely 
rainfall, extreme climate events, market failure), the project 
provided farmers with critical information for improving 
crop productivity and increasing cropping intensity. This 
regional characterisation information was also instrumental 
for the project to extend demonstration of profitable 
cropping technologies in the wider Ganges Delta region.

Co-development and co-piloting of innovative farm 
management strategies. Building on the science, and 
through extensive piloting and assessments with farmers 
across a variety of locations, the project led to the 
development of a comprehensive set of farm management 
strategies to increase crop yields in the Kharif season, 
enable crops to be grown in the Rabi season, and improve 
linkages to markets. These included: management of 
soil, plant, water-logging and salinity interactions at the 
farm scale; selection of suitable and early maturing rice 
varieties for pre-monsoon, monsoon and Rabi seasons; 
growing of vegetables in water-logged rice fields in 
the monsoon season; early establishment of different 
Rabi season crops using different techniques such as 
zero tillage, relay cropping, dibbling, and mulching; 
development of technology for, and optimum use of, 
irrigation; forecasting crop production considering 
complex saline coastal environment and climate change; 
selection of suitable cropping patterns, development of 
market linkages and value chains and their potential for 
socio-economic benefits; and community-based water 
storing and management. Combined, these innovative 
farm management strategies are critical to increasing 
agricultural productivity and rural livelihoods in the coastal 
zones of Bangladesh and Eastern India.

Demonstration of dry season Boro rice at Kalapara, Patuakhali, Bangladesh



Capacity building of smallholder farmers, including 
women, and in-country project partners and scientists. 
The project enhanced Bangladeshi and West Bengali 
farmers’ capacity to increase cropping productivity and 
livelihood benefits. Over approximately 10 years (2016-
25), a total of 17,383 farmers in the Ganges Delta region 
received formal and informal training in the field, including 
in cultivation of new crops or varieties, agronomic and 
water management, zero-tillage cultivation of crops, 
growing vegetables in water-logged rice, storing rainwater 
in the canals and ponds for use during the Rabi season, 
and improved marketing of the produce. Over this time 
period, training activities expanded from two polders in 
Bangladesh and one island in West Bengal to eight polders 
and six islands, respectively. Of farmers taking part in these 
activities, approximately 29% were women, with over 2100 
women receiving training in improved farm and collective 
water management practices. This led to the formation of 
a women’s group that is teaching water management and 
crop cultivation techniques to women in other communities 
in the region. 

The project also strengthened the technical and science 
expertise of research partners in Bangladesh and 
Eastern India through a range of formal trainings. This 
included training in project monitoring, evaluation and 
pathways to impacts; advanced statistical analysis and 
data management; use of electromagnetic surveys and 
associated geo-spatial modelling, Unlocking Potential: 
Earth Observation (EO), cloud computing, data analytics, 
and data cube technology; crop production modelling using 
APSIM Framework; use of ADOPT and Value-Ag tools for 
socio-economic and adoption analysis; and writing of peer-
reviewed journal papers. 

Bangladeshi and Indian scientists from project partner 
organisations were also supported to pursue further 
graduate studies. This included 6 Bangladeshi scientists 
involved with the project receiving a John Allwright 
Fellowship (JAF) to pursue their PhD in Australia; 4 of whom 
have since completed their studies. Another 10 scientists 
received and completed in-country PhD fellowship through 
co-funding from KGF (Krishi Gobeshona Foundation) in 
Bangladesh. There were also 6 PhD fellows from India; 3 of 
whom have since completed their fellowships. In addition, 
22 Master’s students from both India and Bangladesh 
worked on their thesis as part of the project. All PhD fellows 
and Master’s students received supervisory support for their 
research and several of the trainings mentioned above. 

Additionally, in-country scientists were supported to attend 
conferences and spend time working with CSIRO scientists. 
This included 15 scientists from Bangladesh and India who 
received funding to attend conferences in Australia (such as 
TropAg in Brisbane), and 17 scientists to attend the ACIAR 
salinity symposium in Vietnam in 2024. An additional 3 
PhD fellows spent 6 weeks working with CSIRO scientists in 
2018, 2023, and 2024. Bangladeshi and Indian scientists also 
spent time with the project team at CSIRO sites in Canberra 
and Brisbane as Visiting Scientists. This included 3 scientists 
(2 from India and 1 from Bangladesh) who each spent 2 
weeks at different times (2022, 2023) and, more recently 
(2025), an Indian scientist who spent 6 weeks collaborating 
with CSIRO scientists in Brisbane on APSIM modelling. 
A further 2 scientists from Bangladesh are scheduled to 
work as Visiting Fellow at Murdoch University for 8 weeks 
starting from 28 July 2025.

This extensive capacity building of farmers and scientists 
from in-country research organisations is strengthening 
Bangladesh’s and West Bengal’s capacity to further progress 
their goals of achieving greater water and food security. 
The region’s leading research organisations are now 
less dependent on external science expertise and better 
equipped to train farmers and shape agrifood policy.

Strengthened smallholder farmer cooperation and 
coordination. The project initiated and facilitated 
community-led water management and water storing 
which are critical for irrigation of Rabi season crops. 
Farmers involved in the projects are now working more 
closely together to manage water resources and sluice gate 
operations, enabling farmers to grow crops such as rice in 
the dry season.

Increased investments from in-country government 
partners. The project’s achievements led the Government 
of Bangladesh to further invest in the work. This included 
funding (AU$425K, July 2018-June 2021) for local research 
organisations to extend R&D on production, dissemination 
and postharvest technology development of sunflower for 
saline lands in the coastal region. A further AU$700K (July 
2020-June 2023) was invested to investigate increasing 
cropping intensity of Rabi rice in the coastal Barishal and 
Khulna regions through water resource and soil salinity 
management. The Government of Bangladesh also 
allocated special budget funding in 2020-2021 to scale-
out the project’s technologies in the wider Ganges Delta 
region and to provide farmers with free seeds, fertilisers, 
and advanced technologies. In Eastern India, the West 
Bengal Government has incorporated zero-tillage potato 
cultivation into the Department of Agriculture’s core 
programs, promoting it for wider adoption and scaling out. 
These substantial cross-government investments have been 
crucial to increasing crop cultivation in the Ganges Delta, 
particularly during the Rabi season.

Increase in cultivation of fallow land, crop productivity, 
and profits for smallholder farmers. As a result of the 
project, cropping intensity has increased significantly in the 
salt-affected coastal zone of the Ganges Delta during the 
Rabi season. Remote sensing analysis with imagery from 
2023 revealed an ~70% increase in Rabi season cropping 
activity in areas previously identified as fallow land. In areas 
beyond the study site, there was an increase of ~10%. In 
these cultivated lands both cropping intensity and diversity 
increased with farmers growing high-yielding varieties of 
Kharif and Rabi rice, and new Rabi crops, including garlic, 
watermelon, and sunflower.



These cropping improvements have led to significant 
benefits for farmers, including women. The project 
increased women farmers’ access to new agricultural 
technologies and associated advisory services. Through 
their involvement in growing new rice varieties and 
vegetables in both lowland rice fields and in homesteads, 
women increased their knowledge, skills, confidence, and 
ability to make farm management decisions. Women are 
expected to fully control the cash benefit from some of 
these crops in the absence of their partners, particularly 
in West Bengal. A comprehensive survey in Bangladesh 
showed that 80% of women have more freedom to spend 
their earned money. This offers expanded opportunities 
for education, employment, and social participation, 
contributing to the overall empowerment and well-being of 
women in the region.

Out-scaling of climate-smart, profitable cropping 
technologies. The project’s integrated soil, water and 
crop management strategies and technologies have 
been further promoted and demonstrated in the coastal 
zone of Bangladesh and Eastern India and beyond. 
Funding (AU$450K; April 2022 to June 2025) secured by 
a DFAT-CSIRO Sci-Tech4Climate Partnership extended the 
demonstration of selected technologies to other areas 
of the Ganges Delta and helped establish linkages and 
knowledge exchange with countries in the Pacific (Fiji 
and Samoa) facing similar challenges in coastal regions 
with respect to water and food security. Recently, one of 
the project’s most innovative technologies – zero-tillage 
potato cultivation – has been chosen by the International 
Potato Centre (CIP) for testing across a wider region in Asia 
(Bangladesh, India, and Vietnam) and water scarce regions 
in Latin America (Peru) and Africa (Malawi and Kenya).

Significant high-level government engagement, media 
attention, and awards. The project received significant 
interest and engagement from government officials (see 
Appendix 3). This included numerous visits in 2020-2025 to 
project field sites by high-level officials from the Ministry 
of Agriculture of both Bangladesh and West Bengal, and 
Australian government officials and funding agencies. 

Most recently, the achievements in West Bengal were 
prominently featured in the Australia-India Roadmap launched 
by the Australian Prime Minister on 25 February 2025. 

The project also received extensive coverage in both 
electronic and print media in Bangladesh and India 
(Appendix 3), and more widely including a feature story and 
podcast in the Earth Island Journal that was subsequently 
shared by Scientific American, The World from PRX, The 
Africa Report, Nikkei Asia, among other global outlets. 

The significance of the project’s achievements is also 
attested by awards won, including CSIRO Land and Water’s 
Effective Communication of Science Award in 2021 and 
Agriculture and Food RU’s Impact Award in 2024. 

Demonstration of dry season Boro rice in Dacope, Khulna, Bangladesh



How the outcomes were achieved

The project’s achievements are the result of a combination 
of factors. This includes the diversity of capabilities that 
CSIRO and Bangladeshi, Indian and Australian partners 
brought to the project; the range of collaborations and 
networks that were built, supported and strengthened; 
the quality and relevance of the science that underpinned 
the work; and the way the teams delivered and scaled the 
soil, crop, and water management strategies and cropping 
innovations. These are further discussed below.

Capabilities 

Interdisciplinary, multidisciplinary and transdisciplinary 
capability: CSIRO brought to the project a range of 
capabilities, including expertise in the fields of land use 
characterization using remote sensing in DataCube and 
Google Earth Engine, hydrology, electromagnetic soil 
survey, crop production modelling using APSIM, agronomy, 
irrigation and water management, whole-farm economic 
modelling (IAT/CLEM), agrifood value chains and systems, 
adoption prediction (ADOPT) and impact analysis (Value-
Ag); and value-chain analysis, climate adaptation, and 
integrated risk assessments. The project team involved 
60+ scientists from different divisions and disciplines, as 
well as farmers. This resulted in a truly inter-, multi- and 
transdisciplinary team working on all aspects of soil, 
water, salinity, and crop management in collaboration with 
farmers in their fields. 

Deep knowledge of local culture and language: In addition to 
scientific capability, the project’s CSIRO lead (Dr Mohammed 
Mainuddin) had personal and professional connections to 
Bangladesh. His deep understanding of Bangladeshi culture 
and institutional dynamics in-country, his ability to speak 
fluent Bengali, and extensive experience in co-developing 
and co-delivering research projects in the region enabled 
him to act as a key broker between CSIRO and partners in 
co-designing an agile and collaborative project. 

Extending capabilities of researchers: Several CSIRO 
scientists who had not previously worked in international 
projects were offered the opportunity to lead project sub-
teams. This helped build their capabilities in cross-cultural 
and multidisciplinary collaboration and in supervision 
of in-country PhD and Master’s students. These latter 
scientists’ capabilities were also extended, through their 
direct involvement in project activities and exposure to 
cross-disciplinary and on-farm applied research. Several 
of these graduates now hold significant leadership 
positions within various research institutions in a variety 
of science disciplines. 

Responsiveness and connectedness

In-country scoping phase: In 2010, ACIAR set the coastal 
zones of Bangladesh and Eastern India as priorities for 
investment to lift agricultural productivity and improve 
rural livelihoods by increasing cropping intensification. 
CSIRO, in collaboration with in-country partners, used 
this opportunity to carry out a scoping study focused 
on identifying gaps in current understanding and 
opportunities for future agricultural research investment 
by ACIAR in the Ganges Delta. This initial scoping study 
helped CSIRO and local partners build a strong foundation 
for the subsequent two phases of the project. Spending 
time in-country during this early phase was instrumental 
for developing contextual understanding of the issues 
and research and development needs. It also was critical 
in building trust among the project team members, local 
institutions and farmers. 

Cross-institutional, multi-stakeholder project team: The 
project team included diverse key groups from the region 
(universities, government institutions and non-government 
organisations and farmers – see Appendix 1). This improved 
the sharing, analysis and integration of local knowledge, 
context and pathways to work towards outcomes.

Cross-project collaborations and synergies: CSIRO 
encouraged collaboration with other projects in the 
region to capitalise on synergies, improve efficiencies and 
enhance opportunities for greater impact. The project team 
collaborated with other ACIAR-funded projects such as 
Incorporating salt-tolerant wheat and pulses into smallholder 
farming systems in southern Bangladesh (led by University of 
Western Australia), Promoting socially inclusive and sustainable 
agricultural intensification in West Bengal and Bangladesh (led 
by CSIRO), Nutrient management for diversified cropping (led 
by Murdoch University), and Transforming smallholder food 
systems in the Eastern Gangetic Plain (led by the University 
of Adelaide). Connections were also made with a project 
in Pakistan on Improving salinity and agricultural water 
management in the Indus Basin of Pakistan and a project in 
Vietnam on Crop diversification challenges in the changing 
environment of the Mekong Delta. These cross-project and 
cross-sectoral collaborations strengthened networks of 
scientists working on improving understanding of the coastal 
ecosystem and agricultural development and adoption in 
other Asian large river deltas.

The project team also partnered with DFAT’s 
SciTech4Climate Indo-Pacific Climate-Smart Agriculture 
Initiative. This enabled CSIRO researchers to leverage 
previous investments and outcomes in Bangladesh, 
India and the Pacific, build on findings emerging from 
the Ganges Delta Cropping Intensification project, and 
integrate knowledge, technologies and systems developed 
with partners in those regions. This helped the team 
facilitate an Indo-Pacific knowledge exchange for impact in 
salt affected coastal lands of Bangladesh, West Bengal, Fiji 
and Samoa. 

Multi-scale engagement across the agrifood system: 
Throughout Phases 1 and 2, the project team’s engagement 
with a range of groups was key to achieving outcomes in 
the Ganges Delta. In addition to working in partnership 
with in-country agricultural and water management 
research and extension organisations, project activities 



were designed, piloted and further refined with the 
close involvement of smallholder farmers. The project 
also engaged early-on and regularly with key decision-
makers, including policy makers, from both the Indian and 
Bangladesh governments via field visits and high-level 
workshops held in Dhaka and Kolkata (see Appendix 3 for 
further details). This raised the visibility of the project and 
its achievements, leading to further government funding 
being invested in local organisations to sustain and build on 
the impacts of the project. 

Science excellence and research 
and technology offerings

Building on existing science and creating new science: 
The project built upon the scientific findings from the 
scoping study and Phase 1, advancing understanding and 
modelling of the crop systems and hydrology of the Ganges 
Delta. A key innovation was the development of a novel salt 
and water balance model – believed to be the first of its 
kind – which, when supplemented with a detailed model 
of surface water, groundwater, and salinity interactions 
- enabled a comprehensive assessment of farm (polder) 
management strategies. The team also introduced a 3D 
electromagnetic (EM) soil survey in the coastal zone to 
map salt distribution both within the soil profile and across 
the landscape. A GIS-based procedure was developed that 
integrated experimental data with the EM survey results, 
further enhancing understanding of crop-soil interactions 
in saline environments. Additionally, the team expanded 
APSIM modelling to improve understanding of soil-water-
plant-salinity interactions in the crop rootzone in complex 
saline coastal environments. 

Other scientific advancements included the integration 
of different models in a gridded APSIM Framework, 
Earth Analytics Science and Innovation Platform; policy 
informing risk modelling frameworks; and Comparative 
Impact Scorecards. This required large-scale socioeconomic 
surveys, large-scale EM survey and linking of this survey 
data with satellite-based remote sensing information and 
data acquired using aerial drone, and analysis of the GCM 
data for future change in climate. 

These scientific achievements, and underpinning model 
assessments, were instrumental in demonstrating 
farm management strategies aimed at increasing crop 
productivity, cropping intensity and profitability.

Co-produced knowledge, strategies and technologies: 
The development of improved soil, water and crop 
management strategies and associated technologies was 
informed not solely by the science (mentioned above) 
but also by the new knowledge that was created through 
sustained collaborations and interactions among the 
multi-stakeholder project team. Importantly, farmers’ local 
knowledge and experiences was integrated throughout 
the project. 

Delivery and scaling approach

Co-delivery and co-learning approach: All the cropping 
experiments and demonstrations were done in farmers’ 
field and farmers oversaw the activities, with scientists 
working closely with them. Farmers played a vital role 
in trialling and piloting various components of the 
research including growing Rabi crops, including ones not 
previously grown in the region; using advanced machinery; 
incorporating different cultivation practices; treating seeds; 
and applying lime and rock phosphate in the field. This co-
delivery approach, which was underpinned by continuous 
learning and adapting of the research, was important 
in ensuring that farm management strategies and 
technologies were relevant and effective, and for building 
the capacity of farmers to further adapt and adopt them. 

Engaging directly with farmers, including women farmers: 
The scale of participation from farmers in the region was 
essential to trialling various components of the research 
and soil, water and crop management strategies and 
technologies. Over the course of the project (2016-2025), 
the number of farmers who were directly involved with 
the project team grew from 384 (12% female) to 4,751 
(36% female). The project team also engaged directly with 
women farmers to create solutions that supported women’s 
needs and resourcefulness. 

Extensive and tailored communication and dissemination 
of knowledge, strategies, and learnings: Significant effort 
was made to ensure the projects’ key findings, outputs, and 
learnings were shared more widely and made accessible 
to other farmers, local extension officials, the broader 
community, and to policy makers and scientists in-country 
(see Appendix 2). This was done through a range of 
outreach mechanisms, including focus group discussions, 
community gatherings, and visits to field sites. 

The team also used creative approaches to raise awareness 
and share project findings with farmers. The team 
partnered with the NGO partner Shushilan to produce a 
20-minute song and dance performance showcasing the 
project’s technologies. Starting in 2022, this show was 
performed annually at different project sites at the start 
of the Rabi season when farmers were relatively free. Each 
live show drew 200-300 people, with approximately 10 live 
shows performed per year, complemented by screenings of 
recorded performances in some areas. 

In addition, over 50 newspaper articles were published, and 
12 radio and television segments involving local researchers 
were produced. Eleven 25-minute episodes showcasing 
project achievements were aired on major national TV 
channels in Bangladesh and India. 

This extensive and wide-reaching dissemination approach 
helped popularise the technologies among farmers and 
attract attention from policy makers.



Looking back: Key reflections 
and lessons learned 

Cross-disciplinary, multi-stakeholder collaboration and 
diversity are vital and challenging. Bringing together 
researchers with different expertise and farmers is essential 
when trying to solve complex and evolving problems. In 
this project, cross-disciplinary collaboration successfully 
challenged the traditionally independent and siloed 
workstyle of Bangladesh and Indian researchers, and 
improved communication and cohesion amongst project 
team members. The co-delivery and co-learning approach 
with farmers was vital. While initially it was hard to find 
farmers to set up experiments with new crops or cropping 
methods, after seeing the success of experiments and 
demonstrations over the years, farmers came forward to 
practice new technologies, requesting training, seeds and 
other inputs. Organising a Farmers Field Day at the end of 
each season to showcase achievements was very helpful.

Changing mindsets is complex but possible. Traditional 
farming mindsets are difficult to alter without evidence 
of positive outcomes. It is also complicated by the 
need to build the capacity and confidence of farmers 
to independently own and shape their adoption of 
technologies and techniques. Dr Mainuddin explained how 
“One way of convincing farmers is not by speaking, but 
showing the benefit through demonstration sites… Once 
they see the benefits, they are easily convinced, and they 
share their learning”. 

Developing local trust transforms outcomes. The 
development of relationships that are founded on mutual 
trust assists in locally led and supported change. This 
project emphasised the importance of having project team 
members who could communicate in the local language 
and understand cultural contexts. Connectedness to, and 
valuing of, culture fosters co-implementation efforts. 

Transboundary awareness scales the applicability of 
research rapidly. Awareness of other innovation efforts, 
particularly in nearby regions, was important for expanding 
crop intensification efforts beyond the project. Sharing 
project findings and identifying opportunities to adapt and 
implement them in other contexts was essential. 

Project flexibility helps manage unforeseen challenges. 
Despite the many successes of this project, complications 
did arise, including an increase in rats and birds in polders 
as new crops were grown in the Rabi season, and an 
oversupply of particular produce, such as watermelon, in 
smaller markets. Building designated time into the project 
logic and designs to accommodate and problem solve, 
mitigated the ongoing risk of not adequately planning how 
to address challenges as they arose. 



Looking forwards: where to next

The project has been extended until June 2026, 
with the focus now shifting to assess if there are 
opportunities to diversify future research to consider 
integrated farming, such as improving livestock 
and fisheries practices for more sustainable and 
profitable livelihoods. The team is working on a 
scoping study proposal for ACIAR that is considering 
the health impacts of drinking water shortages 
and salinity particularly on women in the region. 
Researchers will also further assess how to equip 
farmers to better manage marketplace dynamics; 
respond to supply and demand fluctuations, such 
as preparing seed storage capabilities; and navigate 
increasingly destructive environmental and weather 
conditions in order to test the intercropping capacity 
of the region.

Acknowledgements

This study is funded by the Australian Centre for 
International Agricultural Research (ACIAR) and the 
Krishi Gobeshona Foundation (KGF) of Bangladesh. We 
sincerely acknowledge the significant in-kind contributions 
from CSIRO, Murdoch University, and our collaborative 
partners in Bangladesh and India. The project team is also 
deeply grateful to the farmers who have been with us 
on this journey from the beginning. Their wholehearted 
collaboration has been instrumental in making this 
achievement possible.

Demonstration of dry season Rabi crops (garlic, zero-tillage potato, and sunflower) in Botiaghata, Khulna, Bangladesh



Appendix 1. Summary of projects delivering cropping systems 
intensification in the salt-affected coastal zone of the Ganges Delta

PROJECT NAME

SCOPING STUDY

CROPPING SYSTEMS 
INTENSIFICATION FOR COASTAL 
ZONE (CSI4CZ) PROJECT (PHASE 1)

CSI4CZ FOLLOW-ON PROJECT (PHASE 2)

CSIRO team 
(lead + team 
members)

Mohammed 
Mainuddin, Howard 
M Rawson, Perry L 
Poulton, Riasat Ali, 
Christian Roth

Mohammed Mainuddin, Mac Kirby, 
Don Gaydon, Mark Glover, Sreekanth 
Janardhanan, Yingying Yu

Mohammed Mainuddin, Don Gaydon, 
Jorge Pena-Arancibia, Fazlul Karim, Marta 
Monjardino, Mark Glover, Yingying Yu, Heidi 
Horan

Funders

Australian Centre 
for International 
Agricultural Research 
(ACIAR)

ACIAR, KGF

ACIAR, KGF

Government of Bangladesh

Key partners

Bangladesh

Bangladesh Rice Research Institute 
(BRRI) 

Bangladesh Agricultural Research 
Institute (BARI) 

Institute of Water Modelling (IWM) 

Khulna University

Shushilan (NGO)

India

ICAR Central Soil Salinity Research 
Institute (CSSRI) 

Bidhan Chandra Krishi 
Viswavidyalaya (BCKV) 

Ramkrishna Mission Vivekananda 
Educational and Research Institute 
(RKMVERI)

Tagore Society for Rural 
Development (TSRD)

Australia

Murdoch University 

CSIRO

Bangladesh

Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council 
(BARC) 

BRRI 

BARI 

Shushilan (NGO)

India

CSSRI 

BCKV 

RKMVERI

TSRD

Australia

Murdoch University 

CSIRO

Duration

2011-2013

2015-2020

2021-2026

Focus of project

Identifying gaps in 
current understanding 
and opportunities 
for future research 
investment

Crop adaptation, and soil and water 
management strategies to support 
yield increases in the Kharif season 
and successful cultivation in the Rabi 
season across a variety of locations

Mitigating risk and scaling-out profitable 
cropping system intensification practices 
(ACIAR-funded, CSIRO-led)

Scaling-out of sunflower and dry season Boro 
rice cultivation (Government of Bangladesh 
funded; in-country partners-led)





Harvesting zero-tillage potato, Gosaba, South 24 Paganas, West Bengal, India



Appendix 2. The project mapped against the Theory of Change 
for CSIRO A&F Secure Food Systems Impact Area 

IMPACTSAgrifood systems in Australia and the region are environmentally and economically sustainable, resilient, 
nutritious and equitableAGRIFOOD 
SYSTEMAgrifood systems in Australia and the region have the capacity to respond to a changing set of social, 
OUTCOMESeconomic and environmental aspirationsIn Australia and the region:

Policy & societal Collaborations,Science/Agrifood Agrifood Investments 
support and networks & research systems actors system actors in appropriateleadership for organisationsinstitutionsdrive, in a are equipped agrifood 
transitionsare established embedded in, collaborativewith, and use, system level 
towards secure that are socially and valued as and concerted relevant andinterventions& resilient inclusive,partners, in manner, what appropriatefurther 
agrifood systems-agrifood system is needed for knowledge,increased and/
systemsoriented, and collaborationstransformationtechnologiesor expanded

have means and networksto a secure & approachesand skills 

& resilient to strengthen 
to support/

agrifood systemsecurity & 
lead agrifood 

resilience of the 
systems

agrifood system

CSIRO ANDWithin direct sphere of influence (sub-set of agrifood system and key actors):
PARTNEROUTCOMES

Short termMedium to long term

Agrifood system 
actors establish 
or strengthencollaborations,
networks & 
organisations

CSIRO and partners:

Support and 
strengthenrelationships andcollaborationacross sectors& across policy, 
research, industry, 
donors &
community

Agrifood system actors CSIRO and partners’ science-
collaboratively determineinformed, system-orientedwhat is needed for knowledge, tools & approachestransformation to a secure & are adopted and inform 
resilient agrifood systemdecisions, practices, policy,

investment and incentives

DemonstrateRaise awareness Build agrifoodsystem thinkingand enhancesystem actors’ 
in projects & understandingcapability and 
practicesof pathways and capacity (multipleinterventionlevels and two-way, 
options forincluding CSIRO’s)
strengtheningsecurity & 
resilience of 
agrifood systems

Increased 
investment in 
appropriateagrifood system 
level interventions

Collaborators(e.g., farmers and 
other agrifood 
system actors) 
take ownership 
and adapt 
science-informed,
system-orientedknowledge,
technologies andapproaches

INNOVATIONSTRATEGIESCSIRO builds 
relationshipsCSIRO convenes& supports 
CSIRO & 
partners 
The scienceunderpinningtheCSIRO & 
partners 
CSIRO & 
partners 
and actors across theco-develop agrifood system co-design & adopt mostconnectionsagrifood system agrifood system technologiesimplementappropriatewith diverse to build antechnologiesand knowledge interventionsapproachesagrifood evidence-based, and knowledge products is that respond to to scaling 
system actorscollaborativeproducts scientifically agrifood system interventionsand holistic(includingrigorous andchallengesunderstanding tools, data, important, using 
of agrifood informationcontext-appropriatesystem& processes) appropriate,technologies & 
challenges & to catalyse & legitimate andapproachespotential future measure system positioned forapproachesperformanceuse and impact

CAPABILITIES

Domain expertise 
incl. production, 
environmental, social,
economic, market & 
traceability, biosecurity,
land management

Systems & innovation Knowledge brokeringProject management 
expertise & experience skills incl. outreach & & organisationalincl. innovation policy research translation, skills incl. complex 
analysis, innovation cross-culturalproject/program/
brokering, systemscommunication, IP portfolio management,
theory & approaches,sharing, capacity measurementfuture visioningbuildingevaluation & learning

Growing Australia’s impact internationally: Cropping system intensification in the salt-affected coastal zone of the Ganges Delta


The ‘Cropping system intensification in the salt-affected coastal zone of the Ganges Delta’ project aligns with the A&F’s 
Secure Food Systems Impact Area (2025). It provides an example of how CSIRO, in collaboration with farmers and partners 
in Bangladesh and West Bengal, have achieved significant outcomes that are beginning to catalyse larger-scale changes in 
the agrifood system of the Ganges Delta region.

Appendix 3. High level engagements, media and awards

High level engagements

Bangladesh

• Bangladesh Minister of Agriculture visits (12 March 2020 
and 9 May 2022)
• Two visits from the Secretary of the Bangladesh Minister 
of Agriculture (15 January 2023 and 25 November 2023)


India

• Attendance of West Bengal Minister of Agriculture at 
project workshop (24 April 2017)
• Agriculture Advisor to the Chief Minister of West Bengal 
participation in project workshop (5 March 2020)
• Project Leader Mohammed Mainuddin met the Minister 
of Agriculture of Bangladesh on 30 October 2019 at the 
Minister’s Office to brief him about the work being done 
by CSIRO in Bangladesh


Australia

• Australian High Commission delegation led by Deputy 
High Commissioner from India, Ms. Sarah Storey, visited 
the fields in West Bengal (17-19 May 2022) 
• ACIAR Commission visited project activities in Khulna 
region (14-15 February 2023)
• Australian Consul General based in Kolkata along with 
the Senior Research and Visits Officer visited the project 
activities in West Bengal (2-4 March 2025)


Media

• 11 episodes of TV program (about 25 min each, like 
Landline of ABC Channel Australia) were broadcasted in 
the national and private TV channels of Bangladesh and 
India. These episodes include interviews of Australian 
and local scientists. They are available in YouTube.
• Success stories were also covered as news items in 
regular news in the national and private TV channels.
• 50 reports have been published in the national and local 
newspapers of Bangladesh and West Bengal.
• ACIAR has prepared two videos (about 6 min each) on 
the project and circulated it in the social media. ACIAR 
also published several stories in the Partner magazine 
and in the web.




Appendix 4. Sources of information and additional resources

CSIRO and in-country partners produced 85 journal papers, 
four book chapters, and 50+ conference papers, in addition 
to numerous other outputs. Some of the key outputs are:

Journal papers

1. Islam, H.M.T., Mainuddin, M., Affan, A., Ahmed, S., 
Rahman, M. A., Sadeque, A., Almazroui, M., Rahman, 
S.M.H., Kamruzzaman, M., (2025). Thermal bioclimatic 
transformations in the coastal regions of Ganges delta: 
insights from CMIP6 multi-model ensemble. Nature Sci 
Rep 15, 20569. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-04149-3.
2. Sarkar, S., Dey, S., Dhar, A., Chaki, A.K., Goswami, R., 
Gaydon, D.S., Garai, S., Brahmachari, K., Mainuddin, 
M., (2025). Mapping the landscape of APSIM-driven 
agricultural research: a bibliometric analysis and future 
perspectives. International Journal of Biometeorology. 
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-025-02914-7. 
3. Dhar, A., Dey, S., Sarkar, S., Sau, S., Brahmachari, K., 
Mainuddin, M., (2025). Effect of stress-mitigating 
chemicals on growth, yield, and chlorophyll content 
of Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) grown on varied soil 
type. Journal of Food Legume, 38(1): 63-69. http://doi.
org/10.59797/jfl.v38.i1.244
4. Nanda, M.K., Sarangi, S.K., Glover, M., Sarkar, S., 
Ghosh, A., Mondal, M., Peña-Arancibia, J., Mainuddin, 
M., (2025). Soil conductance classification for crop 
performance assessment using electromagnetic 
induction and geospatial techniques in coastal region 
of Indian Sundarbans. Geoderma Regional 41, e00951. 
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geodrs.2025.e00951 
5. Dey, S., Sarkar, S., Dhar, A., Brahmachari, K., Ghosh, A., 
Goswami, R., Mainuddin, M., (2025). Potato Cultivation 
Under Zero Tillage and Straw Mulching: Option for 
Land and Cropping System Intensification for Indian 
Sundarbans. Land 14, 563. https://doi.org/10.3390/
land14030563 
6. Mandal, U.K., Karim, F., Yu, Y., Ghosh, A., Zahan, T., 
Mallick, S., Kamruzzaman, M., Paul, P.L.C., Mainuddin, 
M., (2025). Assessing vulnerability and climate risk to 
agriculture for developing resilient farming strategies in 
the Ganges Delta, Climate Risk Management 47, 100690. 
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crm. 2025.100690 
7. Sultana, N.A., Islam, M.S., Islam, S.M.A., Alam, M.M., 
& Alam, K.M. (2025). Molecular characterization and 
phylogenetic analysis of Sclerotium rolfsii Isolates from 
sunflowers affected by collar rot disease in the southern 
coastal Region of Bangladesh. European Journal of 
Ecology, Biology and Agriculture, 2(1), 28-37. https://doi.
org/10.59324/ejeba.2025.2(1).03 
8. Kohinoor, S., Uddin, M.S., Sultana, N.A., Dutta, 
D.R., Chowdhury, A.K., (2024). Responses of linseed 
genotypes to salinity stress during early seedling 
growth. Ecology Journal, 6 (2) : 141-151. https://doi.
org/10.59619/ej.6.2.3.
9. Sultana, N.A., Islam, M.A., Islam, M.S., Alam, M.M., 
Bell, R.W., Mainuddin, M., (2024). In vitro control of 
Sclerotium rolfsii, the causal agent of collar rot in 
sunflower using fungicides, botanicals and organic 
matter. Bangladesh J. Agri. 49(2): 1-15. https://doi.
org/10.3329/bjagri.v49i2.78230 
10. Kohinoor, H., Uddin, M.S., Rahman, M.J., Mainuddin, 
M., Chowdhury, A.K., (2024). Stability Analysis for Seed 
Yield of Linseed (Linum Usitatissimum) Genotype in 
Saline Affected Soils of South-Western Coastal Region 
of Bangladesh. European Journal of Ecology, Biology 
and Agriculture, 1(5), 110-127. https://doi.org/10.59324/
ejeba.2024.1(5).09 
11. Kohinoor, H., Mahfuza, S.N., Bell, R.W., Chowdhury, A.K., 
(2024). Assessment of Genetic Divergence in Linseed 
(Linum Usitatissimum L.) Using Germination Related 
Traits Under Normal and Salt Stress Condition. European 
Journal of Ecology, Biology and Agriculture, 1(4), 35-47. 
https://DOI.org/10.59324/ejeba.2024.1(4).04 
12. Hossain, M.B., Roy, D., Paul, P.L.C., Yesmin, M.S., Kundu, 
P.K., Pranto, R.B.H., Aklimuzzaman, M., Paul, M., 
Maniruzzaman, M., Mainuddin, M., (2024). Strategies 
of water resource utilization and agricultural water 
management in the coastal saline zone of Bangladesh. 
Irrigation and Drainage, 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1002/
ird.3022 
13. Sarkar, S., Brahmachari, K., Gaydon, D.S., Dhar, A., Dey, 
S., Mainuddin, M., (2024). Options for intensification 
of cropping system in coastal saline ecosystem: 
inclusion of grain legumes in rice-based cropping 
system. Soil Systems. 8, 90. https://doi.org/10.3390/
soilsystems8030090 
14. Akther, S., Hasan, A.K., Kader, A., Bell, R.W., Hossen, 
M.A., Mainuddin, M. (2024). Effect of plant spacing 
and variety on growth, yield and quality of maize in 
southern coastal region in Bangladesh. SAARC J. Agric. 
22(1): 191-202. https://doi.org/10.3329/sja.v22i1.72864 
15. Islam, Md. N., Bell, R.W. and Barrett-Lennard, E.G. (2024). 
Shallow drains and straw mulch alleviate multiple 
constraints to increase sunflower yield on a clay-
textured saline soil. I. Effects of decreased soil salinity, 
waterlogging and end-of-season drought. European 
Journal of Agronomy 162 (2025) 127416. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.eja.2024.127416 


Australian and Bangladeshi scientists along with the farmers working together in the field



16. Sarangi, S.K.; Mainuddin, M.; Raut, S.; Mandal, U.K.; 
Mahanta, K.K. Coastal Salinity Management and 
Cropping System Intensification through Conservation 
Agriculture in the Ganges Delta. Soil Syst. 2024, 8, 80. 
https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems8030080 
17. Mainuddin, M., Bell, R.W., Sarangi, S.K., Maniruzzaman, 
M., Pena-Arancibia, J.L., Gaydon, D.S., Karim, 
F., Monjardino, M., Glover, M., Brahmachari, K., 
Goswami, R., Anwar, M.M., Barrett-Lennard, E.G., Yu, 
Y. (2024). Mitigating risk and scaling-out profitable 
cropping system intensification practices in the salt-
affected coastal zone of the Ganges Delta. Journal 
of the Indian Society of the Coastal Agricultural 
Research 41(2):148094. https://doi.org/10.54894/
JISCAR.42.1.2024.148094 
18. Pena-Arancibia, J., Yu, Y. (2024). Performance of MODIS-
Landsat blending of vegetation indices in the coastal 
zone of the Ganges Delta. Journal of the Indian Society 
of the Coastal Agricultural Research 42(1):147381. https://
doi.org/10.54894/JISCAR.42.1.2024.147381 
19. Karim, F., Yu, Y., Kamruzzaman, M., Mandal, U.K., Zahan, 
T., Paul, P.L.C., Mainuddin, M. (2024). Assessing changes 
in climate extremes using CMIP6 and its implications for 
agriculture in the Ganges Delta. Journal of the Indian 
Society of the Coastal Agricultural Research 42(1):147069. 
https://doi.org/10.54894/JISCAR.42.1.2024.147069
20. Paul, P.L.C., Bell, R.W., Barrett-Lennard, E.G., Roy, D., 
Mainuddin, M., Maniruzzaman, M., Hossain, M.B., 
Mahmud, M.N.H., Yesmin, M.S., Sarker, K.K. (2024). 
Impact of establishment methods of Boro rice on 
salinity, growth and yield in the southwest salt-affected 
coastal region of Bangladesh. Journal of the Indian 
Society of the Coastal Agricultural Research 42(1):146196. 
https://doi.org/10.54894/JISCAR.42.1.2024.146196 
21. Sarkar, S., Gaydon, D.S., Dey, S., Chaki, A.K., 
Brahmachari, K., Dhar, A., Garai, S., Mainuddin, M. 
(2024). Evaluation of the APSIM-lentil model in a 
complex coastal saline environment. Journal of the 
Indian Society of the Coastal Agricultural Research 42(1): 
146243. https://doi.org/10.54894/JISCAR.42.1.2024.146243
22. Naher, N., Kohinoor, H., Bell, R.W., Alam, A.K.M.M., 
Hossain, M.S., Chowdhury, A.K. (2024). Germination 
traits of different field pea genotypes under salinity 
stress. Journal of the Indian Society of the Coastal 
Agricultural Research 42(1):147468. https://doi.
org/10.54894/JISCAR.42.1.2024.147468 
23. Sarangi, S.K., Mainuddin, M., Bell, R.W., Digar, S. (2024). 
Rice-zero tillage potato-green gram and conservation 
agriculture enable sustainable intensification in the 
coastal region. Journal of the Indian Society of the 
Coastal Agricultural Research 42(1):147322. https://doi.
org/10.54894/JISCAR.42.1.2024.147322 
24. Kundu, S., Islam, A.K.M.M., Bell, R.W., Bose, T.C., 
Mainuddin, M., Jahan, M.A.H.S., Hasan, A.K., (2024). 
Effect of Plant Spacing on Growth, Yield and Quality of 
Zero-Till Potato Varieties in The Coastal Ganges Delta. 
Journal of the Indian Society of the Coastal Agricultural 
Research 42(1):146611. https://doi.org/10.54894/
JISCAR.42.1.2024.146611 
25. Akther, S., Hasan, A.K., Bell, R.W., Kader, Md. A., Hossen, 
Md. A., Mainuddin M., Sarker, K.K. (2024). Optimizing 
sowing date for growth, yield and quality of maize 
(Zeamays L.) cultivars in southern coastal region 
of Bangladesh. Journal of the Indian Society of the 
Coastal Agricultural Research 42(1):146853. https://doi.
org/10.54894/JISCAR.42.1.2024.146853 
26. Mahmud, S., Paul, S.K., Bell, R.W., Kader, M.A., 
Mainuddin, M., Cheng, M., Islam, M.S., Maniruzzaman, 
M., (2024). Ridge and furrow sowing method with 
close spacing reduces the salinity effect of sunflower 
production in the Ganges Delta. Journal of the Indian 
Society of the Coastal Agricultural Research 42(1):146573. 
https://doi.org/10.54894/JISCAR.42.1.2024.146573 
27. Khatun, M.M., Ali, R., Hossain, M.S., Haque, M.M., Latif, 
M.A., Bell, R.W., Mainuddin, M. (2024). Fall armyworm 
(S. frugiperda) an emerging risk for the expansion of 
maize in the coastal zone of Bangladesh: A survey of 
farmers’ perception and practices. Journal of the Indian 
Society of the Coastal Agricultural Research 42(1):145442. 
https://doi.org/10.54894/JISCAR.42.1.2024.145442 
28. Sarangi, S.K., Mainuddin, M., Bell, R.W., Digar, S., 
Mahanta, K.K., Burman, D., Mandal, U.K., Mandal, S. 
(2024). Low-cost pitcher irrigation system with paddy 
straw mulching for growing vegetables in coastal 
saline soils. Journal of the Indian Society of the 
Coastal Agricultural Research 42(1):145214. https://doi.
org/10.54894/JISCAR.42.1.2024.145214 
29. Sarangi, S.K., Mainuddin, M., Bell, R.W., Digar, S., 
Burman, D., Mandal, U.K., Mahanta, K.K. (2024). 
Integrated farming system options for marginal 
farmers in the salt-affected region of the Ganges Delta. 
Journal of the Indian Society of the Coastal Agricultural 
Research 42(1):145448. https://doi.org/10.54894/
JISCAR.42.1.2024.145448 




30. Saha, A., Ray, K., Goswami, R., Roy, K., Sarkar, S., 
Brahmachari, K., Ghosh, A., Nanda, M.K., Mainuddin, 
M. (2024). Qualitative Evaluation of the impact of 
cropping system intensification in coastal saline zone of 
West Bengal, India. Journal of the Indian Society of the 
Coastal Agricultural Research 42(1):147831. https://doi.
org/10.54894/JISCAR.42.1.2024.147831
31. Bell, R.W., Anwar, M.M., Barrett-Lennard, E.G., 
Brahmachari, K., Goswami, R., Maniruzzaman, M., 
Monjardino, M., Sarangi, S.K., Mainuddin, M. (2024). 
Overcoming risks associated with cropping systems 
intensification in the coastal zone of the Ganges Delta. 
Journal of the Indian Society of the Coastal Agricultural 
Research 42(1):147818. https://doi.org/10.54894/
JISCAR.42.1.2024.147818 
32. Mondal, M., Nanda, M.K., Peña-Arancibia, J.L., Sarkar, 
D., Ghosh, A., Goswami, R., Mukherjee, A., Saha, A., 
Brahmachari, K., Sarkar, S., Mainuddin, M., (2024). 
Assessment of inundation extent due to super cyclones 
Amphan and Yaas using Sentinel-1 SAR imagery in Google 
Earth Engine. Theoretical and Applied Climatology, 
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-024-04948-0 
33. Maniruzzaman, M., Mainuddin, M., Bell, R.W., Biswas, 
J.C., Hossain, M.B., Yesmin, M.S., Kundu, P.K., Mostafizur, 
A.B.M., Paul, P.L.C., Sarker, K.K., Yu, Y., (2024). Dry season 
rainfall variability is a major risk factor for cropping 
intensification in coastal Bangladesh. Farming System 2, 
100084. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.farsys.2024.100084 
34. Maniruzzaman, M., Sarangi, S.K., Mainuddin, M., 
Biswas, J.C., Bell, R.W., Hossain, M.B., Paul, P.L.C., 
Kabir, M.J., Digar, S., Mandal, S., Maji, B., Burman, D., 
Mandal, U.K., Mahanta, K.K., (2024). A novel system for 
boosting land productivity and income of smallholder 
farmers by intercropping vegetables in waterlogged 
paddy fields in the coastal zone of the Ganges Delta. 
Land Use Policy 139, 107066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
landusepol.2024.107066 
35. Sarker, K.K.; Mainuddin, M.; Bell, R.W.; Kamar, SK.S.A.; 
Akanda, M.A.R.; Sarker, B.C.; Paul, P.L.C.; Glover, 
M.; Shahadat, M.K.; Khan, M.S.I.; et al. Response of 
Sunflower Yield and Water Productivity to Saline 
Water Irrigation in the Coastal Zones of the Ganges 
Delta. Soil Syst. 2024, 8, 20. https://doi.org/10.3390/
soilsystems8010020 
36. Goswami, R.; Roy, R., Gangopadhyay, D., Sen, P.; Roy, K., 
Sarkar, S., Misra, S., Ray, K., Monjardino, M., Mainuddin, 
M., (2024). Understanding Resource Recycling and Land 
Management to Upscale Zero-Tillage Potato Cultivation 
in the Coastal Indian Sundarbans. Land 13, 108. 
https://doi.org/10.3390/land13010108 
37. Begum, M.E.A., Rashid, M.A., Hossain, M.I., Hossain, 
M.A., Rashid, M.H., Shahadat, M.K., Mainuddin, M., 
(2023): Farmers’ choices and factors driving adoption 
of climate change adaptation strategies in saline 
coastal area of Bangladesh, African Journal of Science, 
Technology, Innovation and Development, DOI: 
10.1080/20421338.2023.2271703 
38. Ghosh, A., Nanda, M.K., Sarkar, D., Sarkar, S., 
Brahmachari, K., Mainuddin, M., (2023). Kharif rice 
growth and area monitoring in Gosaba CD block of 
Indian Sundarbans region using multi‑temporal dual‑pol 
SAR data. Environment, Development and Sustainability. 
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-04138-4. 
39. Mila, Afrin Jahan, Bell, R.W., Barrett-Lennard, E.G., Kabir, 
Enamul and Dell, B. (2023). Flowering is the critical 
growth stage for adverse effects of salinity on the grain 
yield of sunflower. Plant Soil. https://doi.org/10.1007/
s11104-023-06169-2 
40. Nanda, M.K., Ghosh, A., Sarkar, D., Sarkar, S., 
Brahmachari, K., Ray, K., Goswami, R., Mainuddin, 
M. (2023). Assessing the Seasonal Crop Acreage in 
the Ganges Delta Using Multi-Temporal Sentinel-2 
Data: A Case Study in Gosaba CD Block: Crop Acreage 
Assessment Using Multi-Dated Sentinel-2 Data. J. Indian 
Soc. Coastal Agric. Res. 41(1): 24-40 (2023) 
https://doi.org/10.54894/JISCAR.41.1.2023.129996
41. Nanda, M.K., Datta, A., Sarkar, D., Mondal, M., 
Brahmachari, K., Ghosh, A., Chowdhury, S., Glover, M., 
Pena-Arancibia, J., Mainuddin, M., (2023). Seasonal 
Compositing of Multi-dated Satellite Images for 
Cropping Intensity Mapping of Indian Sundarban 
Region. SATSA Mukhapatra - Annual Technical Issue 27: 
ISSN 0971-975X. p 45-60.
42. Ray, K., Mondal, S., Kabir, M.J., Sarkar, S., Roy, K., 
Brahmachari, K., Ghosh, A., Nanda, M.K., Misra, 
S., Ghorui, S., Goswami, R., Mainuddin, M., (2023). 
Assessment of Economic Sustainability of Cropping 
Systems in the Salt–Affected Coastal Zone of West 
Bengal, India. Sustainability, 15, 8691. 
https://doi.org/10.3390/su15118691. 
43. Ghosh, A., Nanda, M.K., Sarkar, D., Sarkar, S., 
Brahmachari, K., Mainuddin, M., (2023). Cropping 
intensity dynamics of the Gosaba CD block of Indian 
Sundarbans using Satellite-based Remote Sensing. 
Environment, Development and Sustainability. 
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-023-02966-y 




44. Begum, M.E.A., Hossain, M.I., Mainuddin, M., (2023). 
Climate change risk, determinants and impact of 
adaptation strategies on watermelon farmers in the 
saline coastal areas of Bangladesh. Letters in Spatial and 
Resource Sciences 16(19): https://doi.org/10.1007/s12076-
022-00324-6
45. Khatun, M.M., Ali, M.R., Hossain, M.S., Haque, M.M., 
Latif, M.A., (2022). Biology and morphometrics of fall 
armyworm, Spodoptra Frugiperda on maize plant. 
Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 47(2): 225-239. https://www.
banglajol.info/index.php/BJAR/article/view/67582/45248
46. Sarangi, S.K.; Mainuddin, M.; Maji, B. Problems, 
Management, and Prospects of Acid Sulphate Soils 
in the Ganges Delta. Soil Syst. 2022, 6, 95. https://doi.
org/10.3390/soilsystems6040095 
47. Mandal S, Sarangi SK, Mainuddin M, Mahanta KK, 
Mandal UK, Burman D, Digar S, Sharma PC and Maji B 
(2022) Cropping system intensification for smallholder 
farmers in coastal zone of West Bengal, India: A 
socio-economic evaluation. Front. Sustain. Food Syst. 
6:1001367. doi: 10.3389/fsufs.2022.1001367 
48. Islam, M.N., Bell, R.W., Barrett-Lennard, E.G., 
Maniruzzaman, M., 2022. Growth and yield responses 
of sunflower to drainage in waterlogged saline soil 
are caused by changes in plant‑water relations and ion 
concentrations in leaves. Plant and Soil. https://doi.
org/10.1007/s11104-022-05560-9
49. Islam, M.N., Bell, R.W., Barrett-Lennard, E.G., 
Maniruzzaman, M., 2022. Shallow surface and 
subsurface drains alleviate waterlogging and salinity in 
a clay-textured soil and improve the yield of sunflower 
in the Ganges Delta. Agronomy for Sustainable 
Development 42:16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-021-
00746-4
50. Sarangi SK, Mainuddin M, Maji B, Mahanta KK, Digar S, 
Burman D, Mandal UK, Mandal S (2021) Optimum sowing 
date and salt tolerant variety boost rice (Oryza sativa 
L.) yield and water productivity during Boro season 
in the Ganges Delta. Agronomy 11, 2413. https://doi.
org/10.3390/agronomy11122413
51. Paul PLC, Bell RW, Barrett-Lennard EG, Kabir E, 
Mainuddin M, Sarker KK (2021) Short-Term waterlogging 
depresses early growth of sunflower (Helianthus annuus 
L.) on saline soils with a shallow water table in the 
coastal zone of Bangladesh. Soil Syst. 5, 68. https://doi.
org/10.3390/soilsystems5040068
52. Sarkar S, Gaydon DS, Brahmachari K, Perry PL, 
Chaki AK, Ray K, Ghosh A, Nanda MK, Mainuddin 
M (2021) Testing APSIM in a complex saline coastal 
cropping environment. Environmental Modelling and 
Software 147 (2022) 105239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
envsoft.2021.105239.
53. Remesan R, Arjun P, Sangma MN, Janardhanan S, 
Mainuddin M, Sarangi SK, Mandal UK, Burman D, Sarkar 
S, Mahanta KK (2021) Modeling and management option 
analysis for salty/saline groundwater drainage in a 
Deltaic Island. Sustainability 2021, 13, 6784. https://doi.
org/10.3390/su13126784
54. Mainuddin M, Kirby M (2021) Impact of flood inundation 
and water management on water and salt balance of 
the polders and islands in the Ganges delta. Ocean 
and Coastal Management 210, 105740. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2021.105740
55. Mainuddin M, Karim FM, Gaydon DS, Kirby M (2021) 
Impact of climate change and management strategies 
on water and salt balance of the polders and islands in 
the Ganges delta. Scientific Reports 11: 7041. https://doi.
org/10.1038/s41598-021-86206-1
56. Paul PLC, Bell RW, Barrett-Lennard EG, Kabir ME, Gaydon 
DS (2021) Opportunities and risks with early sowing of 
sunflower in a salt-affected coastal region of the Ganges 
Delta. Agronomy for Sustainable Development 41: 39, 
https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-021-00698-9
57. Goswami R, Roy K, Dutta S, Ray K, Sarkar S, Brahmachari 
K, Nanda MK, Mainuddin M, Banerjee H, Timsina J, 
Majumdar K (2021) Multi-faceted impact and outcome 
of COVID-19 on smallholder agricultural systems: 
Integrating qualitative research and fuzzy cognitive 
mapping to explore resilient strategies. Agricultural 
Systems, 189: 103051. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
agsy.2021.103051
58. Sarangi SK, Maji B, Sharma PC, Digar S, Mahanta KK, 
Burman D, Mandal UK, Mandal S, Mainuddin M (2021) 
Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) cultivation by zero 
tillage and paddy straw mulching in the coastal zones of 
the Ganges delta. Potato Research 64: 277-305, https://
doi.org/10.1007/s11540-020-09478-6
59. Paul PLC, Bell RW, Barrett-Lennard EG, Kabi, ME (2021) 
Impact of rice straw mulch on soil physical properties, 
sunflower root distribution and yield in a salt-affected 
clay-textured soil. Agriculture 11: 264. https://doi.
org/10.3390/agriculture11030264




60. Ghosh A, Nanda MK, Sarkar D, Sarkar S, Brahmachari 
K, Ray K (2021) Assessing the agroclimatic potentiality 
in Indian Sundarbans for crop planning by analyzing 
rainfall time series data. Journal of Agrometeorology 23 
(1): 113-121
61. Samui I, Skalicky M, Sarkar S, Brahmachari K, Sau 
S, Ray K, Hossain A, Ghosh A, Nanda MK, Bell RW, 
Mainuddin M, Brestic M, Liu L, Saneoka H, Raza MA, 
Erman M, Sabagh AEL (2020) Yield response, nutritional 
quality and water productivity of tomato (Solanum 
lycopersicum L.) are influenced by drip irrigation and 
straw mulch in the coastal saline ecosystem of Ganges 
Delta, India. Sustainability, 12, 6779; doi:10.3390/
su12176779
62. Mainuddin M, Maniruzzaman M, Gaydon DS, Sarkar S, 
Rahman MA., Sarangi SK, Sarker KK., Kirby JM (2020) A 
water and salt balance model for the polders and islands 
in the Ganges delta. Journal of Hydrology 587, 125008; 
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2020.125008
63. Paul PLC, Bell RW, Barrett-Lennard EG, Kabir ME (2020) 
Straw mulch and irrigation affect solute potential and 
sunflower yield in a heavy textured soil in the Ganges 
Delta. Agricultural Water Management 239, 106211; 
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2020.106211 
64. Paul PLC, Bell RW, Barrett-Lennard EG, Kabir ME (2020) 
Variation in the yield of sunflower (Helianthus annuus 
L.) due to differing tillage systems is associated with 
variation in solute potential of the soil solution in a 
salt-affected coastal region of the Ganges Delta. Soil and 
Tillage Research, 197, p.104489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
still.2019.104489
65. Mandal S, Maji B, Sarangi SK, Mahanta KK, Mandal UK, 
Burman D, Digar S, Mainuddin M, Sharma PC (2020) 
Economics of cropping system intensification for 
small-holder farmers in coastal salt-affected areas in 
West Bengal – options, challenges and determinants. 
Decision. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/
s40622-020-00236-8
66. Ray K, Sen P, Goswami R, Sarkar S, Brahmachari K, 
Ghosh A, Nanda MK, Mainuddin M (2020) Profitability, 
energetics and GHGs emission estimation from rice-
based cropping systems in the coastal saline zone of 
West Bengal, India. PLoS ONE 15(5): e0233303. https://
doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0233303 
67. Sarkar S, Ghosh A, Brahmachari K, Ray K, Nanda 
MK, Sarkar S (2020) Weather relation of rice-grass 
pea crop sequence in Indian Sundarbans. Journal of 
Agrometeorology 22(2), 148-157
68. Sarkar S, Ghosh A, Brahmachari K, Ray K, Nanda MK 
(2020) Assessing the yield response of Lentil (Lens 
culinaris Medikus) as influenced by different sowing 
dates and land situations in Indian Sundarbans. Legume 
Research, LR-4237, 1-8
69. Mainuddin M, Bell RW, Gaydon DS, Kirby JM, Barrett-
Lennard EG, Glover M, Akanda MAR, Maji B, Ali MA, 
Brahmachari K, Maniruzzaman M, Aziz MA, Burman D, 
Biswas JC, Rahman MM, Sarangi SK (2019) An overview 
of the Ganges coastal zone: climate, hydrology, land use, 
and vulnerability. Journal of the Indian Society of the 
Coastal Agricultural Research, 37(2): 1-11
70. Yu Y, Mainuddin M, Maniruzzaman M, Mandal 
UK, Sarangi SK (2019) Rainfall and temperature 
characteristics in the coastal zones of Bangladesh and 
West Bengal, India. Journal of the Indian Society of the 
Coastal Agricultural Research, 37(2): 12-23
71. Hossain MB, Maniruzzaman M, Yesmin MS, Mostafizur 
ABM, Kundu PK, Kabir MJ, Biswas JC, Mainuddin M (2019) 
Water and soil salinity dynamics and dry season crop 
cultivation in coastal region of Bangladesh. Journal of 
the Indian Society of the Coastal Agricultural Research, 
37(2): 24-31
72. Ghosh A, Nanda MK, Sarkar D, Sarkar S, Brahmachari 
K, Ray K (2019) Application of Multi-dated Sentinel-2 
Imageries to Assess the Cropping System in Gosaba 
Island of Indian Sundarbans. Journal of the Indian 
Society of the Coastal Agricultural Research, 37(2): 32-44
73. Mainuddin M, Rahman MA, Maniruzzaman M, Sarker 
KK, Mandal UK, Nanda MK, Gaydon DS, Sarangi SK, 
Sarker S, Yu Y, Islam MT, Kirby JM (2019) The Water and 
salt balance of polders / islands in the Ganges Delta. 
Journal of the Indian Society of the Coastal Agricultural 
Research, 37(2): 45-50
74. Kabir E, Sarker BC, Ghosh AK, Mainuddin M, Bell RW 
(2019) Effect of sowing dates for wheat grown in excess 
water and salt affected soils in southwestern coastal soil. 
Journal of the Indian Society of the Coastal Agricultural 
Research, 37(2): 51-59
75. Mahanta KK, Burman D, Sarangi SK, Mandal UK, Maji B, 
Mandal S, Digar S, Mainuddin M (2019) Drip irrigation 
for reducing soil salinity and increasing cropping 
intensity: case studies in Indian Sundarbans. Journal of 
the Indian Society of the Coastal Agricultural Research, 
37(2): 64-71
76. Saha RR, Rahman MA, Rahman MH, Mainuddin M, Bell 
R, Gaydon DS (2019) Cropping System Intensification 
under Rice Based Cropping System for Increasing 
Crop Productivity in Salt-Affected Coastal Zones of 
Bangladesh. Journal of the Indian Society of the Coastal 
Agricultural Research, 37(2): 72-81




77. Sarker KK, Kamar SSA, Hossain A, Mainuddin M, Bell 
R, Barrett-Lennard EG, Gaydon D, Glover M, Saha R, 
Ali MA, Khan MSI, Maniruzzaman M (2019) Cropping 
System Based Irrigation for Improved Crop and Water 
Productivity in the Coastal Zone of Bangladesh. Journal 
of the Indian Society of the Coastal Agricultural 
Research, 37(2): 82-97
78. Sarkar S, Samui I, Brahmachari K, Ray K, Ghosh A, Nanda 
MK (2019) Management Practices for Utera Pulses in 
Rice-fallow System under Coastal Saline Zone of West 
Bengal. Journal of the Indian Society of the Coastal 
Agricultural Research, 37(2): 98-103
79. Shahadat MK, Rashid MH, Al, MA (2019) Performance 
of Garden Pea Varieties as Intercrop with Maize in the 
Coastal Area of Bangladesh. Journal of the Indian Society 
of the Coastal Agricultural Research, 37(2): 104-114
80. Sarangi SK, Maji B, Mahanta KK, Digar S, Burman D, 
Mandal S, Mandal UK, Sharma PC, Mainuddin M, Bell R, 
(2019) Alternate kharif rice crop establishment methods 
and medium duration varieties to enable cropping 
system intensification in coastal saline region. Journal of 
the Indian Society of the Coastal Agricultural Research, 
37(2): 115-122
81. Maniruzzaman M, Kabir MJ, Hossain MB, Yesmin MS, 
Mostafizur ABM, Biswas JC, Ali MA, Mainuddin M, Bell 
RW, (2019) Adjustment in wet season rice planting 
for cropping intensification in coastal Bangladesh. 
Journal of the Indian Society of the Coastal Agricultural 
Research, 37 (2): 123-133
82. Yesmin M S, Maniruzzaman M, Hossain MB, Gaydon 
DS, Mostafizur ABM, Kabir MJ, Biswas JC, Mainuddin M, 
Bell RW (2019) Selection of suitable sowing window for 
Boro rice in coastal regions of Bangladesh. Journal of 
the Indian Society of the Coastal Agricultural Research, 
37(2): 134-143
83. Ray K, Brahmachari M, Goswami R, Sarkar S, Brahmachari 
K, Ghosh A, Nanda MK (2019) Adoption of Improved 
Technologies for Cropping Intensification in the Coastal 
Zone of West Bengal, India: A Village Level Study for 
Impact Assessment. Journal of the Indian Society of the 
Coastal Agricultural Research, 37(2): 144-152
84. Bell RW, Mainuddin M, Barrett-Lennard EG, Sarangi SK, 
Maniruzzaman M, Brahmachari K, Sarker KK, Burman D, 
Gaydon DS, Kirby JM, Glover M, Rashid MH, Khan MSI, 
Kabir ME, Rahman MA, Hossain MB (2019) Cropping 
Systems Intensification in the Coastal Zone of the Ganges 
Delta: Opportunities and Risks. Journal of the Indian 
Society of the Coastal Agricultural Research, 37(2): 153-161
85. Sarangi SK, Maji B, Digar S, Mahanta KK, Sharma PC, 
Mainuddin M (2018) Zero-tillage potato cultivation - An 
innovative technology for coastal saline soils. Indian 
Farming, 68 (4): 23-26.


Book chapters

86. Ghosh, A., Nanda, M.K., Sarkar, D., Sarkar, S., 
Brahmachari, K., Mainuddin, M., (2025). Assessing the 
Seasonal Dynamics of Surface Water Resources Using 
Satellite-Based Remote Sensing: A Case Study in Indian 
Sundarbans. In: Pal, S.C., Chatterjee, U. (eds) Surface, 
Sub-Surface Hydrology and Management. Springer 
Geography. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-
3-031-62376-9_5 
87. Kundu, S., Hasan, A.K., Bell, R.W., Islam, A. K. M. M., 
Bose, T.C., Mainuddin, M., Sarker. K. K., (2022). Zero 
Tillage Potato Cultivation Following Rice in the Coastal 
Ganges Delta. In: Lama, T., Burman, D., Mandal, U.K., 
Sarangi, S.K., Sen, H. (eds) Transforming Coastal Zone for 
Sustainable Food and Income Security. Springer, Cham. 
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-95618-9_9 
88. Paul, P.L.C., Bell, R.W., Barrett-Lennard, E.G., Mainuddin, 
M., Maniruzzaman, M., Sarker, K.K. (2022). Impact of 
Different Tillage Systems on the Dynamics of Soil Water 
and Salinity in the Cultivation of Maize in a Salt-Affected 
Clayey Soil of the Ganges Delta. In: Lama, T., Burman, D., 
Mandal, U.K., Sarangi, S.K., Sen, H. (eds) Transforming 
Coastal Zone for Sustainable Food and Income Security. 
Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-
95618-9_8 
89. Mila AJ, Bell RW, Barrett-Lennard EG, Kabir ME (2021) 
Salinity dynamics and water availability in water bodies 
over a dry season in the Ganges delta: implications 
for cropping systems intensification. In: Negacz K, 
Vellinga P, Barrett-Lennard E, Choukr-Allah R, Elzenga 
T (eds) Future of Sustainable Agriculture in Saline 
Environments. CRC Press, Taylor and Francis Group, Boca 
Raton, London, New York.


Other 

• 50 articles in major newspapers
• 12 radio interviews and television broadcasts 


Demonstration of sunflower cultivation at Amtali, Barguna, Bangladesh



For further information

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Mohammed Mainuddin
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