Australia’s National Science Agency Quantum shift: How are Australian organisations navigating the quantum frontier? Results from the 2025 Quantum Readiness Survey A computer chip with many small cubes CitationCitation Mohan Baruwal Chhetri, Rebecca Coates, Yue Huang, David M. Douglas, Mohan Baruwal Chhetri, Rebecca Coates, Yue Huang, David M. Douglas, Mohan Baruwal Chhetri, Rebecca Coates, Yue Huang, David M. Douglas, Mohan Baruwal Chhetri, Rebecca Coates, Yue Huang, David M. Douglas, Mohan Baruwal Chhetri, Rebecca Coates, Yue Huang, David M. Douglas, Mohan Baruwal Chhetri, Rebecca Coates, Yue Huang, David M. Douglas, Mohan Baruwal Chhetri, Rebecca Coates, Yue Huang, David M. Douglas, Mohan Baruwal Chhetri, Rebecca Coates, Yue Huang, David M. Douglas, Mohan Baruwal Chhetri, Rebecca Coates, Yue Huang, David M. Douglas, Mohan Baruwal Chhetri, Rebecca Coates, Yue Huang, David M. Douglas, Mohan Baruwal Chhetri, Rebecca Coates, Yue Huang, David M. Douglas, Mohan Baruwal Chhetri, Rebecca Coates, Yue Huang, David M. Douglas, Mohan Baruwal Chhetri, Rebecca Coates, Yue Huang, David M. Douglas, Mohan Baruwal Chhetri, Rebecca Coates, Yue Huang, David M. Douglas, Mohan Baruwal Chhetri, Rebecca Coates, Yue Huang, David M. Douglas, Copyright Copyright © Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation 2025. To © Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation 2025. To © Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation 2025. To © Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation 2025. To © Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation 2025. To © Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation 2025. 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Funding Funding Funding Funding This research was funded by CSIRO’s Responsible Innovation Future Science This research was funded by CSIRO’s Responsible Innovation Future Science This research was funded by CSIRO’s Responsible Innovation Future Science This research was funded by CSIRO’s Responsible Innovation Future Science This research was funded by CSIRO’s Responsible Innovation Future Science ContentsContents Executive summaryExecutive summaryExecutive summaryExecutive summaryExecutive summaryExecutive summaryExecutive summaryExecutive summary Key findingsKey findingsKey findingsKey findingsKey findingsKey findingsKey findingsKey findings IntroductionIntroduction................................................................................................................................ 11 Research aim and processResearch aim and process................................................................................................ Study participant demographicsStudy participant demographics................................................................................................ Theme 1: General knowledge and awarenessTheme 1: General knowledge and awareness................................................................ Theme 2: Quantum readinessTheme 2: Quantum readiness................................................................................................ Theme 3: Quantum cyber readinessTheme 3: Quantum cyber readinessTheme 3: Quantum cyber readinessTheme 3: Quantum cyber readinessTheme 3: Quantum cyber readinessTheme 3: Quantum cyber readiness Theme 4: Responsible quantum adoptionTheme 4: Responsible quantum adoption................................................................ ConclusionConclusionConclusionConclusionConclusionConclusion ReferencesReferencesReferencesReferencesReferencesReferencesReferences Executive summary Quantum technologies are rapidly transitioning from theoretical concepts to real-world applications, with the potential to transform industries and reshape societies. Recognised as one of Australia’s critical technologies [1], they have the potential to significantly enhance or pose risks to Australia’s national interests, particularly in areas expected to drive economic growth, strengthen national security, and support social cohesion. The National Quantum Strategy [2] envisions Australia as a global leader in quantum technologies by 2030, with these innovations deeply embedded in society to help build a fairer, more inclusive, and more prosperous nation. Conservative estimates project that quantum technologies could contribute $6.1 billion to Australia’s GDP by 2045 and create tens of thousands of jobs [3]. However, realising this potential depends not only on how quickly we develop these technologies, but also on their responsible adoption across industries. Given their wide-ranging applications and disruptive potential, quantum technologies must be implemented in ways that maximise benefits, minimise harm, and support long-term societal and environmental wellbeing. In this context, assessing the quantum readiness of organisations across Australia’s diverse industry sectors is critical. Even more urgent is the need for assessing quantum cyber readiness, i.e., the preparedness to defend against the cybersecurity threats posed by quantum computing. This urgency has been underscored by the Australian Signals Directorate’s (ASD) recent directive to migrate to post- quantum cryptography (PQC) by 2030 [4]. This directive provides a clear signal for organisations to begin preparing for a post-quantum future, particularly by transitioning to cryptographic standards resilient to quantum threats. This report presents findings from a quantum readiness study that draws on survey data and interviews with key decision-makers and strategic influencers within organisations across key sectors. To assess this readiness, the study evaluates four critical dimensions: • Quantum awareness: Understanding and familiarity with quantum technologies. • Quantum readiness: Preparedness for adoption, including strategic planning, workforce development, and collaboration within the broader quantum ecosystem. • Quantum cyber readiness: Awareness of, and preparation for, cybersecurity risks posed by quantum computing, particularly threats to current encryption standards. • Responsible quantum adoption: Consideration of ethical, social, and environmental impacts of quantum technologies. This report aims to inform policymakers, industry leaders, and researchers by providing a snapshot of Australia’s current quantum readiness. It identifies key areas for strategic action to support a secure, inclusive, and future-focused approach to quantum technology adoption. Key findings Quantum awareness and understanding Quantum awareness remains siloed within organisations, often concentrated in specific teams or individuals. While over 80% of participating organisations report some familiarity with quantum technologies, this limited distribution of knowledge constrains broader organisational engagement and strategic integration. Although organisations are exploring all three core quantum technologies: quantum computing, communications, and sensing, momentum is slowed by uncertainty, low prioritisation, and a lack of internal expertise. Engagement is mostly informal and driven by individual initiative rather than structured programs, underscoring the need for coordinated, cross- functional efforts to build sustained, organisation- wide awareness. Quantum readiness Quantum readiness is emerging, with over 60% of participating organisations indicating some level of engagement with quantum technologies, though this engagement remains largely at a preliminary stage. Only 21.2% have dedicated budgets, and just 26.9% have launched pilot projects, suggesting that few are progressing from awareness to concrete strategy and action. Internal barriers such as siloed expertise and strategic ambiguity, combined with external barriers like high costs, talent shortages, and immature solutions, continue to hinder progress. Advancing quantum readiness will require organisation-wide alignment, targeted investment, and strong leadership commitment to move from aspiration to implementation. Quantum cyber readiness Despite growing awareness of quantum threats, most organisations lack concrete plans, dedicated budgets, or training to ensure cyber resilience. While 50% of participating organisations are aware of the ASD’s recommendation to adopt PQC by 2030 [4], 65.4% remain unsure or uncommitted to migration plans. Only 3.8% have allocated a budget to address quantum threats, and 67.3% offer no cybersecurity training specific to quantum risks. This disconnect between awareness and preparedness highlights an urgent need for clearer national guidance, targeted industry outreach, and accelerated planning to ensure secure and timely adoption of quantum-safe technologies. Responsible quantum adoption Ethical considerations are largely absent from current organisational quantum strategies, with most participating organisations lacking frameworks or guiding principles to support responsible adoption. A significant 71.2% have not assessed the broader social or environmental impacts of quantum technologies, and 36.5% are unsure about the values guiding their approach. While some organisations are beginning to engage with principles such as transparency and the common good, these efforts remain informal and unstructured. To ensure responsible and sustainable adoption, relevant stakeholders across the quantum ecosystem, including industry leaders, government agencies, academia, and civil society, must develop robust ethical frameworks, strengthen ethical literacy, and foster coordinated, sector-wide dialogue. 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TelecommunicationsInformation Media and Telecommunications 9.6%9.6% 12.0%12.0% Financial and Insurance ServicesFinancial and Insurance Services 7.7%7.7% 12.0%12.0% Public Administration and SafetyPublic Administration and Safety 7.7%7.7% 20.0%20.0% MiningMining 3.8%3.8% 8.0%8.0% Transport, Postal and WarehousingTransport, Postal and Warehousing 5.8%5.8% -- Health Care and Social AssistanceHealth Care and Social Assistance 1.9%1.9% 4.0%4.0% Agriculture, Forestry and FishingAgriculture, Forestry and Fishing 1.9%1.9% 4.0%4.0% Retail TradeRetail Trade 1.9%1.9% 4.0%4.0% Electricity, Gas, Water and WasteElectricity, Gas, Water and Waste 1.9%1.9% -- PARTICIPANT ROLEPARTICIPANT ROLE ExecutiveExecutive 44.2%44.2% 44.4%44.4% ManagerManager 25.0%25.0% 11.1%11.1% ResearcherResearcher 15.4%15.4% 22.2%22.2% ConsultantConsultant 5.8%5.8% 11.1%11.1% Engineer/TechnologistEngineer/Technologist 3.8%3.8% 11.1%11.1% OtherOther 5.8%5.8% 0.0%0.0% ORGANISATION SIZEORGANISATION SIZE Large (Annual Turnover > $250 Million)Large (Annual Turnover > $250 Million) 59.6%59.6% NCNC Medium (Annual turnover > $10 million Medium (Annual turnover > $10 million Medium (Annual turnover > $10 million Medium (Annual turnover > $10 million Medium (Annual turnover > $10 million 26.9%26.9% NCNC Small (Annual turnover < $10 million)Small (Annual turnover < $10 million) 9.6%9.6% NCNC Prefer not to answerPrefer not to answer 3.8%3.8% NCNC PRESENCE OF EMERGING TECHNOLOGY TEAMPRESENCE OF EMERGING TECHNOLOGY TEAM YesYes 61.54%61.54% NCNC NoNo 21.15%21.15% NCNC Team being formedTeam being formed 7.69%7.69% NCNC Other/UnsureOther/Unsure 9.62%9.62% NCNC NC NC NC NC NC Theme 1: General knowledge and Theme 1: General knowledge and Theme 1: General knowledge and Organisational knowledge and awareness of quantum Organisational knowledge and awareness of quantum Organisational knowledge and awareness of quantum Organisational knowledge and awareness of quantum Organisational knowledge and awareness of quantum 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These findings point to a need for building • Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Theme 3: Quantum cyber readinessTheme 3: Quantum cyber readiness Quantum cyber readiness refers to an organisation’s Quantum cyber readiness refers to an organisation’s Quantum cyber readiness refers to an organisation’s Quantum cyber readiness refers to an organisation’s Quantum cyber readiness refers to an organisation’s Quantum cyber readiness refers to an organisation’s Quantum cyber readiness refers to an organisation’s Quantum cyber readiness refers to an organisation’s Quantum cyber readiness refers to an organisation’s Quantum cyber readiness refers to an organisation’s Quantum cyber readiness refers to an organisation’s Quantum cyber readiness refers to an organisation’s Quantum cyber readiness refers to an organisation’s Quantum cyber readiness refers to an organisation’s Quantum cyber readiness refers to an organisation’s This theme aligns closely with the 2023This theme aligns closely with the 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closely with the 2023This theme aligns closely with the 2023This theme aligns closely with the 2023This theme aligns closely with the 2023This theme aligns closely with the 2023This theme aligns closely with the 2023This theme aligns closely with the 2023This theme aligns closely with the 2023This theme aligns closely with the 2023This theme aligns closely with the 2023 To explore this theme, interviews focused on To explore this theme, interviews focused on To explore this theme, interviews focused on To explore this theme, interviews focused on To explore this theme, interviews focused on To explore this theme, interviews focused on To explore this theme, interviews focused on To explore this theme, interviews focused on To explore this theme, interviews focused on To explore this theme, interviews focused on To explore this theme, interviews focused on To explore this theme, interviews focused on To explore this theme, interviews focused on To explore this theme, interviews focused on To explore this theme, interviews focused on To explore this theme, interviews focused on To explore this theme, interviews focused on To explore this theme, interviews focused on To explore this theme, interviews focused on To explore this theme, interviews focused on To explore this theme, interviews focused on To explore this theme, interviews focused on To explore this theme, interviews focused on To explore this theme, interviews focused on To explore this theme, interviews focused on To explore this theme, interviews focused on To explore this theme, interviews focused on To explore this theme, interviews focused on To explore this theme, interviews focused on To explore this theme, interviews focused on To explore this theme, interviews focused on To explore this theme, interviews focused on To explore this theme, interviews focused on These insights provide a detailed view of how These insights provide a detailed view of how These insights provide a detailed view of how These insights provide a detailed view of how These insights provide a detailed view of how These insights provide a detailed view of how • Figure Figure , survey results reveal , survey results reveal , survey results reveal , survey results reveal , survey results reveal , survey results reveal , survey results reveal , survey results reveal , survey results reveal , survey results reveal , survey results reveal , survey results reveal , survey results reveal , survey results reveal Interview insights further enrich these findings, Interview insights further enrich these findings, Interview insights further enrich these findings, Interview insights further enrich these findings, Interview insights further enrich these findings, Interview insights further enrich these findings, Interview insights further enrich these findings, Interview insights further enrich these findings, Interview insights further enrich these findings, Interview insights further enrich these findings, Interview insights further enrich these findings, Interview insights further enrich these findings, Interview insights further enrich these findings, Interview insights further enrich these findings, Interview insights further enrich these findings, Interview insights further enrich these findings, Interview insights further enrich these findings, Interview insights further enrich these findings, Among the organisations taking proactive steps, key Among the organisations taking proactive steps, key Among the organisations taking proactive steps, key Among the organisations taking proactive steps, key Among the organisations taking proactive steps, key Among the organisations taking proactive steps, key Among the organisations taking proactive steps, key Among the organisations taking proactive steps, key Among the organisations taking proactive steps, key Among the organisations taking proactive steps, key Among the organisations taking proactive steps, key Among the organisations taking proactive steps, key Among the organisations taking proactive steps, key Among the organisations taking proactive steps, key Among the organisations taking proactive steps, key Among the organisations taking proactive steps, key Among the organisations taking proactive steps, key reputational damage if timely and strategic planning reputational damage if timely and strategic planning reputational damage if timely and strategic planning • Figure Figure Others equated readiness with general risk Others equated readiness with general risk Others equated readiness with general risk Others equated readiness with general risk Others equated readiness with general risk Others equated readiness with general risk Others equated readiness with general risk Others equated readiness with general risk Others equated readiness with general risk Collectively, these findings reveal a fragmented and Collectively, these findings reveal a fragmented and Collectively, these findings reveal a fragmented and Collectively, these findings reveal a fragmented and Collectively, these findings reveal a fragmented and Collectively, these findings reveal a fragmented and Collectively, these findings reveal a fragmented and Collectively, these findings reveal a fragmented and Collectively, these findings reveal a fragmented and Collectively, these findings reveal a fragmented and Collectively, these findings reveal a fragmented and Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure • Figure Figure ). Survey data shows that 42.3% of ). Survey data shows that 42.3% of ). Survey data shows that 42.3% of ). Survey data shows that 42.3% of ). Survey data shows that 42.3% of ). Survey data shows that 42.3% of ). Survey data shows that 42.3% of ). Survey data shows that 42.3% of ). Survey data shows that 42.3% of ). Survey data shows that 42.3% of ). Survey data shows that 42.3% of ). Survey data shows that 42.3% of ). Survey data shows that 42.3% of ). Survey data shows that 42.3% of ). Survey data shows that 42.3% of ). Survey data shows that 42.3% of ). Survey data shows that 42.3% of ). Survey data shows that 42.3% of ). Survey data shows that 42.3% of ). Survey data shows that 42.3% of ). Survey data shows that 42.3% of ). Survey data shows that 42.3% of ). Survey data shows that 42.3% of ). Survey data shows that 42.3% of ). Survey data shows that 42.3% of ). Survey data shows that 42.3% of • Figure Figure , , , , , , , , , , , , computing and its potential impact. Technical computing and its potential impact. Technical computing and its potential impact. Technical computing and its potential impact. Technical computing and its potential impact. Technical computing and its potential impact. Technical computing and its potential impact. Technical computing and its potential impact. Technical computing and its potential impact. Technical computing and its potential impact. Technical computing and its potential impact. Technical computing and its potential impact. Technical computing and its potential impact. Technical computing and its potential impact. Technical computing and its potential impact. Technical computing and its potential impact. Technical computing and its potential impact. Technical computing and its potential impact. Technical Interview insights further Interview insights further Interview insights further Interview insights further Interview insights further Interview insights further Interview insights further Interview insights further Interview insights further Interview insights further Interview insights further Interview insights further Interview insights further Interview insights further Interview insights further Interview insights further Interview insights further Interview insights further Interview insights further Interview insights further Interview insights further Interview insights further These findings These findings These findings These findings These findings These findings These findings These findings These findings These findings These findings These findings These findings These findings These findings These findings These findings These findings These findings These findings These findings These findings These findings These findings These findings These findings These findings These findings These findings These findings These findings These findings These findings Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure • Figure Figure ). 50.0% reported being aware of ). 50.0% reported being aware of ). 50.0% reported being aware of ). 50.0% reported being aware of ). 50.0% reported being aware of ). 50.0% reported being aware of ). 50.0% reported being aware of ). 50.0% reported being aware of ). 50.0% reported being aware of ). 50.0% reported being aware of ). 50.0% reported being aware of These findings highlight the need forThese findings highlight the need forThese findings highlight the need forThese findings highlight the need forThese findings highlight the need forThese findings highlight the need forThese findings highlight the need forThese findings highlight the need forThese findings highlight the need forThese findings highlight the need forThese findings highlight the need forThese findings highlight the need forThese findings highlight the need for • Figure Figure ). Of these, 15.4% are planning to ). Of these, 15.4% are planning to ). Of these, 15.4% are planning to ). Of these, 15.4% are planning to ). Of these, 15.4% are planning to ). Of these, 15.4% are planning to ). Of these, 15.4% are planning to ). Of these, 15.4% are planning to ). Of these, 15.4% are planning to ). Of these, 15.4% are planning to ). Of these, 15.4% are planning to ). Of these, 15.4% are planning to ). Of these, 15.4% are planning to ). Of these, 15.4% are planning to NOTE:NOTE:NOTE:NOTE:NOTE:NOTE:NOTE: Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure • Figure Figure ,,,,,,,,,,, stated that their organisation had no plans to adopt stated that their organisation had no plans to adopt stated that their organisation had no plans to adopt stated that their organisation had no plans to adopt stated that their organisation had no plans to adopt stated that their organisation had no plans to adopt stated that their organisation had no plans to adopt stated that their organisation had no plans to adopt stated that their organisation had no plans to adopt stated that their organisation had no plans to adopt stated that their organisation had no plans to adopt Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Theme 4: Responsible quantum adoptionTheme 4: Responsible quantum adoption This section outlines how organisations are This section outlines how organisations are This section outlines how organisations are This section outlines how organisations are This section outlines how organisations are This section outlines how organisations are This section outlines how organisations are This section outlines how organisations are This section outlines how organisations are This section outlines how organisations are This section outlines how organisations are This section outlines how organisations are This section outlines how organisations are This section outlines how organisations are This section outlines how organisations are This section outlines how organisations are This section outlines how organisations are This section outlines how organisations are This section outlines how organisations are This section outlines how organisations are This section outlines how organisations are This section outlines how organisations are This section outlines how organisations are This section outlines how organisations are This is also directly relevant to Theme 5 of the This is also directly relevant to Theme 5 of the This is also directly relevant to Theme 5 of the This is also directly relevant to Theme 5 of the This is also directly relevant to Theme 5 of the This is also directly relevant to Theme 5 of the This is also directly relevant to Theme 5 of the This is also directly relevant to Theme 5 of the This is also directly relevant to Theme 5 of the This is also directly relevant to Theme 5 of the This is also directly relevant to Theme 5 of the This is also directly relevant to Theme 5 of the This is also directly relevant to Theme 5 of the This is also directly relevant to Theme 5 of the This is also directly relevant to Theme 5 of the This is also directly relevant to Theme 5 of the This is also directly relevant to Theme 5 of the This is also directly relevant to Theme 5 of the To explore how these principles are being interpreted To explore how these principles are being interpreted To explore how these principles are being interpreted To explore how these principles are being interpreted To explore how these principles are being interpreted To explore how these principles are being interpreted To explore how these principles are being interpreted To explore how these principles are being interpreted To explore how these principles are being interpreted To explore how these principles are being interpreted To explore how these principles are being interpreted To explore how these principles are being interpreted To explore how these principles are being interpreted To explore how these principles are being interpreted To explore how these principles are being interpreted To explore how these principles are being interpreted To explore how these principles are being interpreted To explore how these principles are being interpreted To explore how these principles are being interpreted To explore how these principles are being interpreted To explore how these principles are being interpreted To explore how these principles are being interpreted To explore how these principles are being interpreted CollectivelyCollectivelyCollectivelyCollectivelyCollectively • Figure Figure , 48.1% of , 48.1% of , 48.1% of , 48.1% of , 48.1% of , 48.1% of , 48.1% of , 48.1% of , 48.1% of , 48.1% of Interview participantsInterview participantsInterview participantsInterview participantsInterview participantsInterview participantsInterview participantsInterview participantsInterview participantsInterview participantsInterview participantsInterview participantsInterview participantsInterview participants These insights suggest that many organisations are These insights suggest that many organisations are These insights suggest that many organisations are These insights suggest that many organisations are These insights suggest that many organisations are These insights suggest that many organisations are These insights suggest that many organisations are These insights suggest that many organisations are These insights suggest that many organisations are These insights suggest that many organisations are These insights suggest that many organisations are These insights suggest that many organisations are • Figure Figure ). Over a third of ). Over a third of ). Over a third of ). Over a third of ). Over a third of ). Over a third of ). Over a third of ). Over a third of Accountability (26.9%). Accessibility (21.2%) and Accountability (26.9%). Accessibility (21.2%) and Accountability (26.9%). Accessibility (21.2%) and Accountability (26.9%). Accessibility (21.2%) and Accountability (26.9%). Accessibility (21.2%) and Accountability (26.9%). Accessibility (21.2%) and Accountability (26.9%). Accessibility (21.2%) and Accountability (26.9%). Accessibility (21.2%) and Accountability (26.9%). Accessibility (21.2%) and Accountability (26.9%). Accessibility (21.2%) and Accountability (26.9%). Accessibility (21.2%) and Accountability (26.9%). Accessibility (21.2%) and Accountability (26.9%). Accessibility (21.2%) and Accountability (26.9%). Accessibility (21.2%) and Accountability (26.9%). Accessibility (21.2%) and Accountability (26.9%). Accessibility (21.2%) and Accountability (26.9%). Accessibility (21.2%) and Accountability (26.9%). Accessibility (21.2%) and Accountability (26.9%). Accessibility (21.2%) and Accountability (26.9%). Accessibility (21.2%) and Accountability (26.9%). Accessibility (21.2%) and Accountability (26.9%). Accessibility (21.2%) and Accountability (26.9%). Accessibility (21.2%) and Accountability (26.9%). Accessibility (21.2%) and Accountability (26.9%). Accessibility (21.2%) and Beyond the survey, interview insights add depth, Beyond the survey, interview insights add depth, Beyond the survey, interview insights add depth, Beyond the survey, interview insights add depth, Beyond the survey, interview insights add depth, Beyond the survey, interview insights add depth, Together, these findings suggest that while some Together, these findings suggest that while some Together, these findings suggest that while some Together, these findings suggest that while some Together, these findings suggest that while some Together, these findings suggest that while some Together, these findings suggest that while some Together, these findings suggest that while some Together, these findings suggest that while some Together, these findings suggest that while some Together, these findings suggest that while some Together, these findings suggest that while some Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure • Figure Figure , survey results show a fragmented landscape in , survey results show a fragmented landscape in , survey results show a fragmented landscape in , survey results show a fragmented landscape in , survey results show a fragmented landscape in , survey results show a fragmented landscape in , survey results show a fragmented landscape in , survey results show a fragmented landscape in , survey results show a fragmented landscape in , survey results show a fragmented landscape in , survey results show a fragmented landscape in , survey results show a fragmented landscape in , survey results show a fragmented landscape in , survey results show a fragmented landscape in , survey results show a fragmented landscape in , survey results show a fragmented landscape in , survey results show a fragmented landscape in , survey results show a fragmented landscape in Interview data reinforces and contextualises theseInterview data reinforces and contextualises these findings, revealing that although formal strategies findings, revealing that although formal strategies findings, revealing that although formal strategies findings, revealing that although formal strategies findings, revealing that although formal strategies findings, revealing that although formal strategies Together, these findings highlight a fragmented and Together, these findings highlight a fragmented and Together, these findings highlight a fragmented and Together, these findings highlight a fragmented and Together, these findings highlight a fragmented and Together, these findings highlight a fragmented and Together, these findings highlight a fragmented and Together, these findings highlight a fragmented and Together, these findings highlight a fragmented and Together, these findings highlight a fragmented and Together, these findings highlight a fragmented and Together, these findings highlight a fragmented and Together, these findings highlight a fragmented and Together, these findings highlight a fragmented and Together, these findings highlight a fragmented and Figure Figure Figure Figure Figure ConclusionConclusion As quantum technologies move from theory to As quantum technologies move from theory to As quantum technologies move from theory to As quantum technologies move from theory to As quantum technologies move from theory to As quantum technologies move from theory to As quantum technologies move from theory to As quantum technologies move from theory to As quantum technologies move from theory to As quantum technologies move from theory to As quantum technologies move from theory to As quantum technologies move from theory to As quantum technologies move from theory to The findings show that while interest and investment The findings show that while interest and investment The findings show that while interest and investment The findings show that while interest and investment The findings show that while interest and investment The findings show that while interest and investment The findings show that while interest and investment The findings show that while interest and investment The findings show that while interest and investment The findings show that while interest and investment The findings show that while interest and investment The findings show that while interest and investment The findings show that while interest and investment The findings show that while interest and investment The findings show that while interest and investment The findings show that while interest and investment The findings show that while interest and investment The findings show that while interest and investment The findings show that while interest and investment The findings show that while interest and investment These insights offer a valuable evidence base to These insights offer a valuable evidence base to These insights offer a valuable evidence base to These insights offer a valuable evidence base to These insights offer a valuable evidence base to These insights offer a valuable evidence base to These insights offer a valuable evidence base to These insights offer a valuable evidence base to These insights offer a valuable evidence base to These insights offer a valuable evidence base to These insights offer a valuable evidence base to Key Key Key Key • • pivotal role in pivotal role in pivotal role in pivotal role in pivotal role in pivotal role in pivotal role in • • • Looking ahead, Australia’s global leadership in Looking ahead, Australia’s global leadership in Looking ahead, Australia’s global leadership in Looking ahead, Australia’s global leadership in Looking ahead, Australia’s global leadership in Looking ahead, Australia’s global leadership in Looking ahead, Australia’s global leadership in Looking ahead, Australia’s global leadership in Looking ahead, Australia’s global leadership in Looking ahead, Australia’s global leadership in Looking ahead, Australia’s global leadership in Looking ahead, Australia’s global leadership in Looking ahead, Australia’s global leadership in Looking ahead, Australia’s global leadership in Looking ahead, Australia’s global leadership in Looking ahead, Australia’s global leadership in Looking ahead, Australia’s global leadership in Looking ahead, Australia’s global leadership in Looking ahead, Australia’s global leadership in Looking ahead, Australia’s global leadership in Looking ahead, Australia’s global leadership in Looking ahead, Australia’s global leadership in Ongoing assessment will be importantOngoing assessment will be importantOngoing assessment will be importantOngoing assessment will be importantOngoing assessment will be importantOngoing assessment will be importantOngoing assessment will be importantOngoing assessment will be importantOngoing assessment will be importantOngoing assessment will be importantOngoing assessment will be importantOngoing assessment will be importantOngoing assessment will be importantOngoing assessment will be importantOngoing assessment will be importantOngoing assessment will be importantOngoing assessment will be importantOngoing assessment will be importantOngoing assessment will be importantOngoing assessment will be importantOngoing assessment will be importantOngoing assessment will be importantOngoing assessment will be importantOngoing assessment will be importantOngoing assessment will be importantOngoing assessment will be importantOngoing assessment will be importantOngoing assessment will be important ReferencesReferences 1. https://www.industry.gov.au/publications/criticalhttps://www.industry.gov.au/publications/criticalhttps://www.industry.gov.au/publications/criticalhttps://www.industry.gov.au/publications/criticalhttps://www.industry.gov.au/publications/critical 2. 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https://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/abouthttps://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/abouthttps://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/abouthttps://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/abouthttps://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/abouthttps://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/abouthttps://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/abouthttps://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/abouthttps://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/abouthttps://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/abouthttps://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/abouthttps://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/abouthttps://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/abouthttps://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/abouthttps://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/abouthttps://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/abouthttps://www.homeaffairs.gov.au/about 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Quantumhttps://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Quantum 11. https://www.industry.gov.au/publications/aihttps://www.industry.gov.au/publications/aihttps://www.industry.gov.au/publications/aihttps://www.industry.gov.au/publications/aihttps://www.industry.gov.au/publications/ai As Australia’s national science agency and innovation catalyst, CSIRO is solving the greatest challenges through innovative science and technology. CSIRO. Creating a better future for everyone. Contact us 1300 363 400 +61 3 9545 2176 csiro.au/contact csiro.au For further information Dr Mohan Baruwal Chhetri +61 3 9518 5981 Mohan.BaruwalChhetri@csiro.au csiro.au/data61