Game: Marine Food Web Words you need to know A food chain shows how each living thing gets energy through its food. Plants get energy from the sun. Some Game: Marine Food Web Words you need to know A food chain shows how each living thing gets energy through its food. Plants get energy from the sun. Some animals eat plants (herbivores), some eat both plants and animals (omnivores) and some animals eat other animals (carnivores). In a food chain, each link in the chain (or food source) becomes food for the next link in the chain. Top level predators sit at the top of the food chain. The interconnecting food chains in a particular ecosystem are known as a food web. Food webs are complex systems. Removing or increasing a species in a food web has a flow on effect and can put things out of balance. Biodiversity (biological diversity) refers to the variety of all living things, including plants, animals and micro-organisms found in an ecosystem and their inter-relationships. Marine Reserves are important in maintaining biodiversity. They provide breeding grounds for many species, and enable scientists and students to study the natural balance of species. Aim To create a Tasmanian marine food web and to promote an understanding of marine biodiversity in Tasmania. To play 1. Split the class into 3 or 4 groups and distribute the cards amongst the groups (later when students understand how it works, groups can be joined together). 2. In their groups, identify and discuss 􀁲 􀁘􀁉􀁂􀁕􀀁􀁃􀁓􀁐􀁂􀁅􀀁􀁈􀁓􀁐􀁖􀁑􀀁􀁕􀁉􀁆􀁊􀁓􀀁􀁄􀁂􀁓􀁅􀀁􀁃􀁆􀁍􀁐􀁏􀁈􀁔􀀁􀁕􀁐􀀁􀁆􀀏􀁈􀀏􀀁􀁎􀁊􀁄􀁓􀁐􀀎􀁐􀁓􀁈􀁂􀁏􀁊􀁔􀁎􀀍􀀁􀁑􀁍􀁂􀁏􀁕􀀁􀁐􀁓􀀁􀁂􀁏􀁊􀁎􀁂􀁍􀀜􀀁􀁂􀁏􀁅􀀁􀁕􀁉􀁆􀁏􀀁􀁘􀁉􀁊􀁄􀁉􀀁􀁔􀁑􀁆􀁄􀁊􀅳􀁄 􀁈􀁓􀁐􀁖􀁑􀀁􀁆􀀏􀁈􀀏􀀁􀁑􀁍􀁂􀁏􀁕􀀍􀀁􀁄􀁓􀁖􀁔􀁕􀁂􀁄􀁆􀁂􀁏􀀍􀀁􀁎􀁐􀁍􀁍􀁖􀁔D 􀀍􀀁􀁆􀁄􀁉􀁊􀁏􀁐􀁅􀁆􀁓􀁎􀀍􀀁􀅳􀁔􀁉􀀍􀀁􀁃􀁊􀁓􀁅􀀁􀁐􀁓􀀁􀁎􀁂􀁎􀁎􀁂M 􀁲 􀁘􀁉􀁆􀁕􀁉􀁆􀁓􀀁􀁕􀁉􀁆􀁊􀁓􀀁􀁄􀁂􀁓􀁅􀀁􀁊􀁔􀀁􀁂􀀁􀁗􀁆􀁓􀁕􀁆􀁃􀁓􀁂􀁕􀁆􀀁􀁐􀁓􀀁􀁂􀁏􀀁􀁊􀁏􀁗􀁆􀁓􀁕􀁆􀁃􀁓􀁂􀁕F 􀁲 􀁘􀁉􀁆􀁕􀁉􀁆􀁓􀀁􀁕􀁉􀁆􀁊􀁓􀀁􀁄􀁂􀁓􀁅􀀁􀁊􀁔􀀁􀁂􀀁􀁉􀁆􀁓􀁃􀁊􀁗􀁐􀁓F 􀀁􀁐􀁎􀁏􀁊􀁗􀁐􀁓􀁆􀀁􀁐􀁓􀀁􀁄􀁂􀁓􀁏􀁊􀁗􀁐􀁓F 􀁲 􀁕􀁉􀁆􀀁􀁉􀁂􀁃􀁊􀁕􀁂􀁕􀀁􀀁􀁕􀁉􀁆􀁊􀁓􀀁􀁄􀁂􀁓􀁅􀀁􀁓􀁆􀁒􀁖􀁊􀁓􀁆􀁔􀀁􀁆􀀏􀁈􀀏􀀁􀁓􀁐􀁄􀁌􀁚􀀁􀁓􀁆􀁆􀁇􀀍􀀁􀁔􀁂􀁏􀁅􀁚􀀁􀁃􀁐􀁕􀁕􀁐􀁎􀀁􀁆􀁕D 􀁲 􀁕􀁉􀁆􀀁􀁔􀁊􀁛􀁆􀀁􀁐􀁇􀀁􀁕􀁉􀁆􀁊􀁓􀀁􀁍􀁊􀁇􀁆􀀁􀁇􀁐􀁓􀁎􀀁􀁆􀀏􀁈􀀏􀀁􀁎􀁊􀁄􀁓􀁐􀁔􀁄􀁐􀁑􀁊D 􀀍􀀁􀁖􀁑􀀁􀁕􀁐􀀁􀀖􀁄􀁎􀀍􀀁􀀖􀁄􀁎􀀁􀀎􀀒􀁎􀀁􀁆􀁕􀁄 3. Now, create a food chain or food web in the group based on what the card life forms eat and what eats them. You can demonstrate the links by placing the cards on a large piece of paper. Form rows based on 􀁘􀁉􀁆􀁕􀁉􀁆􀁓􀀁􀁕􀁉􀁆􀀁􀁄􀁂􀁓􀁅􀀁􀁍􀁊􀁇􀁆􀀁􀁇􀁐􀁓􀁎􀁔􀀁􀁂􀁓􀁆􀀁􀁑􀁓􀁐􀁅􀁖􀁄􀁆􀁓􀁔􀀁􀁐􀁓􀀁􀁄􀁐􀁏􀁔􀁖􀁎􀁆􀁓􀁔􀀜􀀁􀁎􀁂􀁌􀁊􀁏􀁈􀀁􀁔􀁖􀁓􀁆􀀁􀁕􀁉􀁂􀁕􀀁􀁑􀁓􀁐􀁅􀁖􀁄􀁆􀁓􀁔􀀁􀁂􀁓􀁆􀀁􀁂􀁕􀀁􀁕􀁉􀁆􀀁􀁃􀁐􀁕􀁕􀁐􀁎􀀍 followed by herbivores, with top level predators at the top of the food web. Draw in arrows from the food to the animal that eats it. 4. Using the Worksheet and sharing the information cards amongst the class groups, draw in arrows to show who is eating who and to see just how interconnected the marine food web is. Alternatively, pick one top level predator and create a food web for that animal. Compare your results with the ANSWERS sheet. Further work 􀁲 􀀶􀁔􀁆􀀁􀁕􀁉􀁆􀀁􀀮􀁂􀁓􀁊􀁏􀁆􀀁􀀴􀁄􀁆􀁏􀁂􀁓􀁊􀁐􀀁􀀤􀁂􀁓􀁅􀁔􀀁􀁕􀁐􀀁􀁆􀁙􀁑􀁍􀁐􀁓􀁆􀀁􀁂􀁏􀁅􀀁􀁅􀁆􀁃􀁂􀁕􀁆􀀁􀁕􀁐􀁑􀁊􀁄􀁔􀀁􀁔􀁖􀁄􀁉􀀁􀁂􀁔􀀁􀁐􀁊􀁍􀀁􀁔􀁑􀁊􀁍􀁍􀁔􀀍􀀁􀁕􀁉􀁆􀀁􀁑􀁆􀁕􀀁􀁇􀁐􀁐􀁅􀀁􀁊􀁏􀁅􀁖􀁔􀁕􀁓􀁚􀀁􀁂􀁏􀁅􀀁􀁕􀁉􀁆 harvesting of kelp and consider their impact on the Tasmanian marine ecosystem. 􀁲 􀀵􀁉􀁆􀁓􀁆􀀁􀁉􀁂􀁔􀀁􀁃􀁆􀁆􀁏􀀁􀁂􀀁􀁑􀁓􀁐􀁑􀁐􀁔􀁂􀁍􀀁􀁕􀁐􀀁􀁊􀁏􀁄􀁓􀁆􀁂􀁔􀁆􀀁􀁕􀁉􀁆􀀁􀁔􀁊􀁛􀁆􀀁􀁐􀁇􀀁􀁎􀁂􀁓􀁊􀁏􀁆􀀁􀁓􀁆􀁔􀁆􀁓􀁗􀁆􀁔􀀁􀁂􀁓􀁐􀁖􀁏􀁅􀀁􀀵􀁂􀁔􀁎􀁂􀁏􀁊􀁂􀀏􀀁􀀢􀀁􀁎􀁆􀁆􀁕􀁊􀁏􀁈􀀁􀁏􀁆􀁆􀁅􀁔􀀁􀁕􀁐􀀁􀁃􀁆 organised so that the community can be consulted. Who are the interest groups that need to be present at the meeting? What views would each group hold? Organise a meeting and make a decision on the proposal. 􀁲 􀀸􀁉􀁂􀁕􀀁􀁂􀁓􀁆􀀁􀁕􀁉􀁆􀀁􀁑􀁓􀁐􀁔􀀁􀁂􀁏􀁅􀀁􀁄􀁐􀁏􀁔􀀁􀁐􀁇􀀁􀁂􀁒􀁖􀁂􀁄􀁖􀁍􀁕􀁖􀁓􀁆􀀁􀁔􀁖􀁄􀁉􀀁􀁂􀁔􀀁􀁕􀁉􀁆􀀁􀁔􀁂􀁍􀁎􀁐􀁏􀀁􀁊􀁏􀁅􀁖􀁔􀁕􀁓􀁚􀀁􀁊􀁏􀀁􀀵􀁂􀁔􀁎􀁂􀁏􀁊􀁂􀀠 References: Edgar, G. J. (2008). Australian Marine Life. The plants and animals of temperate waters. Second edition. Credits: Food web compiled by Fiona Hume and Jenni Burdon. Particular thanks to Dr Neville Barrett, Dr Graeme Edgar and Dr Craig Sanderson for their intimate knowledge of Tasmanian waters. Thanks also to Matt Dell, Dr Peter Gill, Dr Roger Kirkwood, Dr Gustaaf Hallegraeff, Anita Slotwinski for their assistance with images. Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment ✃ Bacteria Sunlight ✃ fold fold 1. Sunlight SUN 2. Bacteria MICRO-ORGANISM The sun provides energy for plants to grow. Food: break down plant and animal material. Size: less than 1 mm. They are the smallest and most abundant living organisms on earth. Habitat: bacteria live everywhere, underwater and on land. Function: they breakdown and decompose plant and animal material and are essential for the functioning of ecosystems. ✃ Phytoplankton Detritus ✃ fold fold 3. Detritus DECOMPOSING ORGANIC MATTER 4. Phytoplankton PLANT LIKE Detritus is decomposing plant and animal material. Food: energy from the sun. Function: bacteria help to break down detritus. This recycles energy and Size: microscopic. nutrients back into the ecosystem and makes them available for plants and Habitat: in the surface layers of the sea. animals to use again. Function: they make their own food from the energy of the sun and produce oxygen as a result. 70% of the world’s oxygen is produced by phytoplankton. ✃ ✃ Seagrass Brown algae – giant kelp ✃ fold 5. Brown algae PLANT LIKE (e.g. Giant kelp – Macrocystis pyrifera) Food: energy from the sun. Size:􀀁􀁊􀁕􀁔􀀁􀁍􀁆􀁂􀁗􀁆􀁔􀀁􀀉􀁇􀁓􀁐􀁏􀁅􀁔􀀊􀀁􀁄􀁂􀁏􀀁􀁈􀁓􀁐􀁘􀀁􀁖􀁑􀀁􀁕􀁐􀀁􀀔􀀖􀀁􀁎􀁆􀁕􀁓􀁆􀁔􀀁􀁍􀁐􀁏􀁈􀀁􀁂􀁏􀁅􀀁􀁄􀁂􀁏􀀁􀁈􀁓􀁐􀁘􀀁􀀖􀀑􀁄􀁎􀀁􀁊􀁏􀀁􀁂 day. It is one of the fastest growing plants on the planet. Habitat: exposed reefs, where they can anchor to the rocks. Function: to produce oxygen, food and habitat for many marine species. ✃ ✃ fold 6. Seagrass PLANT (e.g. Tasmanian eelgrass – Heterozostera tasmanica) Food: energy from the sun. Size: 40 cm. Habitat: on the sandy sea floor in depths up to 30 metres. Function: to produce oxygen, food and habitat for many marine species. Seagrass beds are like meadows in the sea, they are very productive areas and 􀁑􀁓􀁐􀁗􀁊􀁅􀁆􀀁􀁅􀁊􀅲􀁆􀁓􀁆􀁏􀁕􀀁􀁑􀁍􀁂􀁄􀁆􀁔􀀁􀁘􀁉􀁆􀁓􀁆􀀁􀁎􀁂􀁏􀁚􀀁􀅳􀁔􀁉􀀁􀁍􀁊􀁌􀁆􀀁􀁕􀁐􀀁􀁇􀁆􀁆􀁅􀀏􀀁􀀵􀁉􀁆􀀁􀁈􀁓􀁂􀁔􀁔􀀁􀁃􀁆􀁄􀁐􀁎􀁆􀁔􀀁􀁇􀁐􀁐􀁅 as well as the smaller creatures and tiny plants living amongst the seagrass. Seagrass is one of three primary habitats in Tasmanian waters. The other two are sand and reef bottoms. Macro zooplankton (e. g. krill) Micro-zooplankton (e. g. ciliate) ✃ ✃ fold 7. Micro-zooplankton MICRO-ORGANISM (e.g. ciliate) Food:􀀁􀁑􀁉􀁚􀁕􀁐􀁑􀁍􀁂􀁏􀁌􀁕􀁐􀁏􀀁􀁂􀁏􀁅􀀁􀁐􀁕􀁉􀁆􀁓􀀁􀁎􀁊􀁄􀁓􀁐􀀎􀁛􀁐􀁐􀁑􀁍􀁂􀁏􀁌􀁕􀁐􀁏 Size: microscopic. Habitat: shallow and deep water. Behaviour: many move by the action of cilia (tiny hairs) that surround their bodies. ✃ fold 8. Macro zooplankton CRUSTACEAN (e.g. Southern krill – Nyctiphanes australis) Food: algae, phytoplankton, detritus. Size:􀀁􀀒􀀏􀀖􀀁􀁄􀁎􀀁􀀉􀀢􀁏􀁕􀁂􀁓􀁄􀁕􀁊􀁄􀀁􀁌􀁓􀁊􀁍􀁍􀀁􀀖􀀏􀀖􀀁􀁄􀁎􀀊 Habitat: inshore waters. Behaviour: they occur in large swarms in spring and summer and swim weakly, relying on water currents to move them around. Function:􀀁􀁌􀁓􀁊􀁍􀁍􀀁􀁊􀁔􀀁􀁆􀁂􀁕􀁆􀁏􀀁􀁃􀁚􀀁􀁂􀀁􀁗􀁂􀁓􀁊􀁆􀁕􀁚􀀁􀁐􀁇􀀁􀁐􀁓􀁈􀁂􀁏􀁊􀁔􀁎􀁔􀀁􀁔􀁖􀁄􀁉􀀁􀁂􀁔􀀁􀅳􀁔􀁉􀀍􀀁􀁃􀁊􀁓􀁅􀁔􀀁􀁂􀁏􀁅􀀁􀁎􀁂􀁎􀁎􀁂􀁍􀁔 (including baleen whales). Long-spined urchin Mussel ✃ fold 9. Flea mussel MOLLUSC (Limnoperna pulex) Food:􀀁􀁎􀁊􀁄􀁓􀁐􀁔􀁄􀁐􀁑􀁊􀁄􀀁􀁛􀁐􀁐􀁑􀁍􀁂􀁏􀁌􀁕􀁐􀁏 Size:􀀁􀀓􀀏􀀖􀁄􀁎􀀁􀁍􀁐􀁏􀁈􀀏 Habitat: hundreds live together on rocky, exposed platforms. Behaviour:􀀁􀁃􀁚􀀁􀁘􀁂􀁗􀁊􀁏􀁈􀀁􀁊􀁕􀁔􀀁􀁈􀁊􀁍􀁍􀁔􀀁􀁊􀁏􀀁􀁕􀁉􀁆􀀁􀁘􀁂􀁕􀁆􀁓􀀁􀁊􀁕􀀁􀁁􀅳􀁍􀁕􀁆􀁓􀀁􀁇􀁆􀁆􀁅􀁔􀀈􀀁􀁂􀁏􀁅􀀁􀁆􀁙􀁕􀁓􀁂􀁄􀁕􀁔􀀁􀁕􀁊􀁏􀁚􀀁􀁇􀁐􀁐􀁅 particles from the water. ✃ ✃ fold 10. Long-spined urchin ECHINODERM (Centrostephanus rodgersii) Food:􀀁􀁊􀁏􀁗􀁆􀁓􀁕􀁆􀁃􀁓􀁂􀁕􀁆􀁔􀀁􀁔􀁖􀁄􀁉􀀁􀁂􀁔􀀁􀁃􀁓􀁚􀁛􀁐􀁂􀁏􀁔􀀁􀁂􀁏􀁅􀀁􀁍􀁂􀁓􀁈􀁆􀀁􀁂􀁍􀁈􀁂􀁆􀀁􀁔􀁖􀁄􀁉􀀁􀁂􀁔􀀁􀁌􀁆􀁍􀁑 Size: 20 cm (10 cm body and 10cm spines). Habitat:􀀁􀁇􀁐􀁖􀁏􀁅􀀁􀁊􀁏􀀁􀁔􀁉􀁂􀁍􀁍􀁐􀁘􀀁􀁘􀁂􀁕􀁆􀁓􀀁􀁂􀁏􀁅􀀁􀁎􀁐􀁔􀁕􀀁􀁂􀁃􀁖􀁏􀁅􀁂􀁏􀁕􀀁􀁂􀁕􀀁􀁅􀁆􀁑􀁕􀁉􀁔􀀁􀁐􀁇􀀁􀀒􀀖􀀎􀀓􀀖􀁎􀀏 Recorded to a at 70m off the Tasman Peninsula. It is slowly spreading south from mainland Australia on the East Australia Current (EAC). They may have established in high numbers in eastern Tasmanian waters due to depleted rock lobster numbers and warmer surface temperatures from the EAC. Behaviour: where they are in high numbers, they will kill kelp communities. Management: scientists are releasing rock lobster into some affected areas so that they can predate upon this urchin. ✃ North Pacific seastar Eight-armed seastar ✃ fold fold 11. Eight-armed seastar ECHINODERM 12. North Pacific seastar ECHINODERM (Meridiastra calcar) (Asterias amurensis) Food:􀀁􀁔􀁆􀁂􀀁􀁔􀁒􀁖􀁊􀁓􀁕􀁔􀀍􀀁􀁔􀁑􀁐􀁏􀁈􀁆􀁔􀀍􀀁􀁐􀁕􀁉􀁆􀁓􀀁􀁔􀁑􀁆􀁄􀁊􀁆􀁔􀀁􀁐􀁇􀀁􀁔􀁆􀁂􀁔􀁕􀁂􀁓􀁔􀀁􀁂􀁏􀁅􀀁􀁔􀁉􀁆􀁍􀁍􀅳􀁔􀁉􀀁􀁔􀁖􀁄􀁉􀀁􀁂􀁔 mussels and oysters. Food: algae, detritus, mussels. Size: up to 23 cm. Size:􀀁􀁖􀁑􀀁􀁕􀁐􀀁􀀖􀀁􀁄􀁎 Habitat: an introduced species from Asia that lives mostly on soft bottoms such Habitat: it lives in rock pools, sheltered reefs up to 10 m depth. as sand, but is also found on sheltered reefs. Behaviour: like other seastars, it is slow moving and uses its ‘tubed feet’ to Behaviour: it is an active predator that consumes many marine species and is 􀁎􀁐􀁗􀁆􀀁􀁂􀁏􀁅􀀁􀅳􀁏􀁅􀀁􀁊􀁕􀁔􀀁􀁇􀁐􀁐􀁅􀀏􀀁􀀵􀁉􀁆􀁊􀁓􀀁􀁔􀁕􀁐􀁎􀁂􀁄􀁉􀀁􀁄􀁐􀁎􀁆􀁔􀀁􀁐􀁖􀁕􀀁􀁐􀁇􀀁􀁕􀁉􀁆􀁊􀁓􀀁􀁎􀁐􀁖􀁕􀁉􀀁􀁂􀁏􀁅􀀁􀁕􀁉􀁆􀁚 destroying marine communities. partially digest food outside their body. Management: volunteer groups sometimes remove these seastars from their local bays. ✃ Squid Anchovy ✃ fold 13. Anchovy FISH (Engraulis australis) Food:􀀁􀁑􀁉􀁚􀁕􀁐􀁑􀁍􀁂􀁏􀁌􀁕􀁐􀁏􀀍􀀁􀁛􀁐􀁐􀁑􀁍􀁂􀁏􀁌􀁕􀁐􀁏 Size:􀀁􀀒􀀖􀀁􀁄􀁎􀀏􀀁 Habitat: coastal and deep waters. Behaviour: they form huge schools and their presence is often noticed by a 􀁍􀁂􀁓􀁈􀁆􀀁􀁂􀁓􀁆􀁂􀀁􀁐􀁇􀀁􀁓􀁊􀁑􀁑􀁍􀁊􀁏􀁈􀀁􀁐􀁏􀀁􀁕􀁉􀁆􀀁􀁔􀁆􀁂􀀁􀁔􀁖􀁓􀁇􀁂􀁄􀁆􀀁􀁂􀁏􀁅􀀁􀁕􀁉􀁆􀀁􀁎􀁂􀁔􀁔􀀁􀁐􀁇􀀁􀁐􀁕􀁉􀁆􀁓􀀁􀅳􀁔􀁉􀀍􀀁􀁔􀁆􀁂􀁃􀁊􀁓􀁅􀁔􀀁􀁂􀁏􀁅 marine mammals feeding on them. Human interactions: anchovy are commercially exploited for human consumption and for pet food. ✃ ✃ fold 14. Squid MOLLUSC 􀀉􀀨􀁐􀁖􀁍􀁅􀀈􀁔􀀁􀁔􀁒􀁖􀁊􀁅􀀁􀁭􀀁Nototodarus gouldi) Food:􀀁􀁄􀁓􀁖􀁔􀁕􀁂􀁄􀁆􀁂􀁏􀁔􀀁􀁂􀁏􀁅􀀁􀅳􀁔􀁉 Size: up to 40 cm. Life span: 1 year. Habitat: found in the ocean from the surface down to 800 metres. Behaviour: they gather close to the seabed during the day and at night they spread throughout the water column, coming to the surface to feed. Southern rock lobster Octopus ✃ fold 15. Octopus MOLLUSC (Maori octopus – Octopus maorum) Food:􀀁􀁓􀁐􀁄􀁌􀀁􀁍􀁐􀁃􀁔􀁕􀁆􀁓􀀍􀀁􀁔􀁕􀁂􀁓􀅳􀁔􀁉􀀍􀀁􀁔􀁆􀁂􀀁􀁖􀁓􀁄􀁉􀁊􀁏􀁔􀀍􀀁􀁄􀁓􀁖􀁔􀁕􀁂􀁄􀁆􀁂􀁏􀁔􀀁􀁂􀁏􀁅􀀁􀁎􀁐􀁍􀁍􀁖􀁔􀁄􀁔 􀁊􀁏􀁄􀁍􀁖􀁅􀁊􀁏􀁈 mussels and even themselves!). Size: 1.2 m. Life span: 1 year. Habitat: it lives on the sandy bottom of the sea often amongst sponge gardens. Behaviour: they hide during the day and come out at night to feed. They can manipulate their bodies into tiny cracks and crevices. Human interactions:􀀁􀁄􀁐􀁎􀁎􀁆􀁓􀁄􀁊􀁂􀁍􀁍􀁚􀀁􀅳􀁔􀁉􀁆􀁅􀀁􀁊􀁏􀀁􀀵􀁂􀁔􀁎􀁂􀁏􀁊􀁂􀀏 ✃ ✃ fold 16. Southern rock lobster or crayfish CRUSTACEAN (Jasus edwardsii) Food:􀀁􀁎􀁐􀁍􀁍􀁖􀁔􀁄􀁔􀀍􀀁􀁔􀁎􀁂􀁍􀁍􀀁􀁄􀁓􀁖􀁔􀁕􀁂􀁄􀁆􀁂􀁏􀁔􀀍􀀁􀁆􀁄􀁉􀁊􀁏􀁐􀁅􀁆􀁓􀁎􀁔􀀁􀁂􀁏􀁅􀀁􀁔􀁆􀁂􀁔􀀁􀁔􀁒􀁖􀁊􀁓􀁕􀁔􀀏􀀁􀀁 Size:􀀁􀁕􀁉􀁆􀁊􀁓􀀁􀁄􀁂􀁓􀁂􀁑􀁂􀁄􀁆􀀁􀁊􀁔􀀁􀁖􀁑􀀁􀁕􀁐􀀁􀀓􀀖􀀁􀁄􀁎􀀁􀀉􀁏􀁐􀁕􀀁􀁊􀁏􀁄􀁍􀁖􀁅􀁊􀁏􀁈􀀁􀁕􀁉􀁆􀀁􀁍􀁆􀁈􀁔􀀊􀀏 Life span: they are believed to live for up to 20 years and possibly longer. Habitat: rocky reefs in water 1-200 m deep. Behaviour:􀀁􀁕􀁉􀁆􀁚􀀁􀁂􀁓􀁆􀀁􀁎􀁐􀁔􀁕􀀁􀁂􀁄􀁕􀁊􀁗􀁆􀀁􀁂􀁕􀀁􀁏􀁊􀁈􀁉􀁕􀀍􀀁􀁘􀁉􀁆􀁏􀀁􀁕􀁉􀁆􀁚􀀁􀁄􀁂􀁏􀀁􀁎􀁐􀁗􀁆􀀁􀁖􀁑􀀁􀁕􀁐􀀁􀀒􀀖􀀑􀁎􀀏 During the day they remain stationary. Human interactions: an important commercial species in Tasmania. There are 􀁄􀁐􀁏􀁕􀁓􀁐􀁍􀁔􀀁􀁐􀁏􀀁􀁉􀁐􀁘􀀁􀁎􀁂􀁏􀁚􀀍􀀁􀁂􀁏􀁅􀀁􀁕􀁉􀁆􀀁􀁎􀁊􀁏􀁊􀁎􀁖􀁎􀀁􀁔􀁊􀁛􀁆􀁔􀀁􀁕􀁉􀁂􀁕􀀁􀁄􀁂􀁏􀀁􀁃􀁆􀀁􀁕􀁂􀁌􀁆􀁏􀀁􀁆􀁂􀁄􀁉􀀁􀁚􀁆􀁂􀁓􀀏 Maria Island Marine Reserve provides a place where natural populations can be watched and studied. Jack mackerel Toothbrush leatherjacket ✃ ✃ fold 17. Leatherjacket FISH (Toothbrush leatherjacket – Acanthaluteres vittiger) Food: eat small invertebrates, algae and sea grass. Size: 32 cm. Habitat:􀀁􀁕􀁐􀁐􀁕􀁉􀁃􀁓􀁖􀁔􀁉􀀁􀁍􀁆􀁂􀁕􀁉􀁆􀁓􀁋􀁂􀁄􀁌􀁆􀁕􀁔􀀁􀁂􀁓􀁆􀀁􀁂􀀁􀁄􀁐􀁎􀁎􀁐􀁏􀀁􀁓􀁆􀁆􀁇􀀁􀅳􀁔􀁉􀀁􀁊􀁏􀀁􀀵􀁂􀁔􀁎􀁂􀁏􀁊􀁂􀁏􀀁􀁘􀁂􀁕􀁆􀁓􀁔 Behaviour:􀀁􀁕􀁉􀁆􀁚􀀁􀁉􀁂􀁗􀁆􀀁􀁔􀁉􀁂􀁓􀁑􀀁􀁕􀁆􀁆􀁕􀁉􀀁􀁇􀁐􀁓􀀁􀁔􀁄􀁓􀁂􀁑􀁊􀁏􀁈􀀁􀁂􀁍􀁈􀁂􀁆􀀁􀁐􀅲􀀁􀁔􀁖􀁓􀁇􀁂􀁄􀁆􀁔􀀜􀀁􀁓􀁐􀁖􀁈􀁉 sandpaper like skin and a defensive spine on the top of their heads. They get their name from the set of bristles on either side of the rear of the body. ✃ fold 18. Jack mackerel FISH (Trachurus declivis) Food:􀀁􀁌􀁓􀁊􀁍􀁍􀀁􀁂􀁏􀁅􀀁􀁐􀁕􀁉􀁆􀁓􀀁􀁛􀁐􀁐􀁑􀁍􀁂􀁏􀁌􀁕􀁐􀁏􀀍􀀁􀁎􀁐􀁍􀁍􀁖􀁔􀁄􀁔􀀁􀁂􀁏􀁅􀀁􀅳􀁔􀁉 Size:􀀁􀀖􀀕􀀁􀁄􀁎􀀏􀀁 Life span:􀀁􀁖􀁑􀀁􀁕􀁐􀀁􀀒􀀖􀀁􀁚􀁆􀁂􀁓􀁔 Habitat: large schools occur in open water, while small schools are common inshore. Human interactions: Jack mackerel was once very abundant in Tasmanian 􀁘􀁂􀁕􀁆􀁓􀁔􀀁􀁂􀁏􀁅􀀁􀁘􀁂􀁔􀀁􀁄􀁂􀁖􀁈􀁉􀁕􀀁􀁕􀁐􀀁􀁎􀁂􀁌􀁆􀀁􀅳􀁔􀁉􀀁􀁇􀁐􀁐􀁅􀀁􀁇􀁐􀁓􀀁􀁕􀁉􀁆􀀁􀁂􀁒􀁖􀁂􀁄􀁖􀁍􀁕􀁖􀁓􀁆􀀁􀀉􀁔􀁂􀁍􀁎􀁐􀁏􀁊􀁅􀀊 􀁊􀁏􀁅􀁖􀁔􀁕􀁓􀁚􀀏􀀁􀀰􀁗􀁆􀁓􀅳􀁔􀁉􀁊􀁏􀁈􀀁􀁂􀁏􀁅􀀁􀁊􀁏􀁄􀁓􀁆􀁂􀁔􀁊􀁏􀁈􀀁􀁘􀁂􀁕􀁆􀁓􀀁􀁕􀁆􀁎􀁑􀁆􀁓􀁂􀁕􀁖􀁓􀁆􀁔􀀁􀁂􀁑􀁑􀁆􀁂􀁓􀀁􀁕􀁐􀀁􀁉􀁂􀁗􀁆􀀁􀁄􀁂􀁖􀁔􀁆􀁅 a decline in its population. Southern right whale Barracouta ✃ ✃ fold 19. Barracouta FISH (Thyrstes atun) Food:􀀁􀁔􀁎􀁂􀁍􀁍􀀁􀁄􀁓􀁖􀁔􀁕􀁂􀁄􀁆􀁂􀁏􀁔􀀁􀀉􀁆􀀏􀁈􀀏􀀁􀁌􀁓􀁊􀁍􀁍􀀊􀀍􀀁􀅳􀁔􀁉􀀁􀁂􀁏􀁅􀀁􀁔􀁒􀁖􀁊􀁅 Size:􀀁􀀒􀀏􀀖􀀁􀁎􀀏􀀁 Life span: up to 10 years. Habitat: coastal bays and open ocean to a depth of 200 m. Behaviour:􀀁􀁕􀁉􀁆􀁚􀀁􀁂􀁓􀁆􀀁􀁂􀀁􀁍􀁂􀁓􀁈 􀀍􀀁􀁑􀁓􀁆􀁅􀁂􀁕􀁐􀁓􀁚􀀍􀀁􀁔􀁄􀁉􀁐􀁐􀁍􀁊􀁏􀁈􀀁􀅳􀁔􀁉􀀁􀁘􀁉􀁊􀁄􀁉􀀁􀁊􀁔􀀁􀁔􀁐􀁎􀁆􀁕􀁊􀁎􀁆􀁔􀀁􀁔􀁆􀁆􀁏 jumping out of the water whilst pursuing prey. Human interactions:􀀁􀁊􀁕􀀁􀁘􀁂􀁔􀀁􀁐􀁏􀁄􀁆􀀁􀁕􀁉􀁆􀀁􀁎􀁂􀁊􀁏􀀁􀅳􀁔􀁉􀀁􀁇􀁐􀁓􀀁􀁕􀁉􀁆􀀁􀅳􀁔􀁉􀀁􀁂􀁏􀁅􀀁􀁄􀁉􀁊􀁑􀀁􀁊􀁏􀁅􀁖􀁔􀁕􀁓􀁚􀀁􀁃􀁖􀁕 stocks collapsed in the 1970’s and have never recovered. It is still commercially 􀅳􀁔􀁉􀁆􀁅􀀁􀁊􀁏􀀁􀀵􀁂􀁔􀁎􀁂􀁏􀁊􀁂 ✃ fold 20. Southern right whale MAMMAL (Eubalaena australis) Food: krill. Size: up to18 m. Life span: at least 60 years. Habitat: coastal bays and ocean. Behaviour: the southern right whale is a baleen whale that spends summer in Antarctic waters and migrates to southern Australian waters to breed during our winter. Human interactions: in the early days, there were so many in the Derwent estuary around Hobart that the noise kept people awake at night. They were heavily exploited during the whaling industry and populations are now slowly recovering. Little penguin Short-tailed shearwater ✃ ✃ fold 21. Short-tailed shearwater or BIRD muttonbird (Puffinus tenuirostris) Food:􀀁􀁌􀁓􀁊􀁍􀁍􀀍􀀁􀁔􀁒􀁖􀁊􀁅􀀁􀁂􀁏􀁅􀀁􀅳􀁔􀁉􀀁 Size: wingspan up to 1m Habitat: nest on islands and around the coast of southern Australia. They forage far from Tasmania and even to Antarctic waters. Behaviour: the most numerous seabird in Australia (20 million). They breed Sept -Apr, nesting in burrows in the sand. In autumn they leave Tasmania and fly 􀀒􀀖􀀁􀀑􀀑􀀑􀀁􀁌􀁎􀁔􀀁􀁕􀁐􀀁􀁕􀁉􀁆􀀁􀁏􀁐􀁓􀁕􀁉􀁆􀁓􀁏􀀁􀁉􀁆􀁎􀁊􀁔􀁑􀁉􀁆􀁓 􀀁􀁓􀁆􀁕􀁖􀁓􀁏􀁊􀁏􀁈􀀁􀁂􀁈􀁂􀁊􀁏􀀁􀁊􀁏􀀁􀁔􀁑􀁓􀁊􀁏􀁈 Human interactions􀀁􀁎􀁐􀁓􀁆􀀁􀁕􀁉􀁂􀁏􀀁􀀖􀀑􀀁􀀑􀀑􀀑􀀁􀁃􀁊􀁓􀁅􀁔􀀁􀁅􀁓􀁐􀁘􀁏􀀁􀁊􀁏􀀁􀅳􀁔􀁉􀁊􀁏􀁈􀀁􀁏􀁆􀁕􀁔􀀁􀁊􀁏􀀁􀁕􀁉􀁆􀀁􀀱􀁂􀁄􀁊􀅳􀁄 Ocean each year. There is some harvesting by humans for food. ✃ fold 22. Little penguin BIRD (Eudyptula minor) Food:􀀁􀅳􀁔􀁉􀀍􀀁􀁔􀁒􀁖􀁊􀁅􀀍􀀁􀁐􀁄􀁕􀁐􀁑􀁖􀁔􀀍􀀁􀁔􀁆􀁂􀁉􀁐􀁓􀁔 F 􀀍􀀁􀁌􀁓􀁊􀁍􀁍􀀁􀀁􀀁 Size: 33 cm Habitat: they nest in burrows along the coast but mostly on off shore islands. They feed mainly in inshore waters around the coast. Life span: 6-7 years but have been known to live up to 20 years. Behaviour: they forage during the day and return to their burrows at night. They commonly dive to just 10 metres but can dive to over 70 m. Human interactions: humans and dogs on beaches can disturb little penguins. Setting ‘gill nets’ across bay entrances does trap and drown them. Southern blue fin tuna Shy albatross ✃ ✃ fold 23. Shy albatross BIRD (Thalassarche cauta cauta) Food:􀀁􀅳􀁔􀁉􀀍􀀁􀁔􀁒􀁖􀁊􀁅􀀁􀁂􀁏􀁅􀀁􀁄􀁓􀁖􀁔􀁕􀁂􀁄􀁆􀁂􀁏􀁔􀀏􀀁 Size:􀀁􀁘􀁊􀁏􀁈􀁔􀁑􀁂􀁏􀀁􀁕􀁐􀀁􀀓􀀏􀀖􀀁􀁎􀀏􀀁􀀁􀀁􀀁􀀁􀀁􀀁􀀁􀀁􀀁􀀁􀀁􀀁􀀁􀀁Life span: they may live for up to 60 years. Habitat: nest on three islands around Tasmania. They forage in coastal and 􀁅􀁆􀁆􀁑􀀁􀁘􀁂􀁕􀁆􀁓􀁔􀀁􀁘􀁊􀁕􀁉􀁊􀁏􀀁􀀖􀀑􀀑􀁌􀁎􀀁􀁐􀁇􀀁􀁕􀁉􀁆􀀁􀁃􀁓􀁆􀁆􀁅􀁊􀁏􀁈􀀁􀁄􀁐􀁍􀁐􀁏􀁚 Behaviour: they breed from September to April and lay one egg a year. Their nest is bowl shaped and made of mud, droppings, vegetation, feathers, rocks, 􀅳􀁔􀁉􀀁􀁂􀁏􀁅􀀁􀁃􀁊􀁓􀁅􀀁􀁃􀁐􀁏􀁆􀁔 Human interactions: like other albatross species, shy albatross albatross are 􀁂􀁄􀁄􀁊􀁅􀁆􀁏􀁕􀁍􀁚􀀁􀁄􀁂􀁖􀁈􀁉􀁕􀀁􀁂􀁏􀁅􀀁􀁅􀁓􀁐􀁘􀁏􀀁􀁐􀁏􀀁􀁕􀁉􀁆􀀁􀁍􀁐􀁏􀁈􀀎􀁍􀁊􀁏􀁆􀁔􀀁􀁐􀁇􀀁􀅳􀁔􀁉􀁊􀁏􀁈􀀁􀁃􀁐􀁂􀁕􀁔 􀁖􀁑􀀁􀁕􀁐􀀁􀀔􀀑􀀑􀀁􀀑􀀑􀀑 albatrosses are caught each year around the world). ✃ fold 24. Southern blue fin tuna FISH (Thunnus maccoyii) Food:􀀁􀅳􀁔􀁉􀀍􀀁􀁔􀁒􀁖􀁊􀁅􀀍􀀁􀁐􀁄􀁆􀁂􀁏􀁊􀁄􀀁􀁊􀁏􀁗􀁆􀁓􀁕􀁆􀁃􀁓􀁂􀁕􀁆􀁔 Size: they can grow to over 2 m in length and weigh up to 200 kg. Habitat: they occur in open ocean. Life span: live up to 40 years. Behaviour:􀀁􀁕􀁉􀁆􀁚􀀁􀁂􀁓􀁆􀀁􀁂􀀁􀁗􀁆􀁓􀁚􀀁􀁇􀁂􀁔􀁕􀀁􀁔􀁘􀁊􀁎􀁎􀁊􀁏􀁈􀀁􀁔􀁑􀁆􀁄􀁊􀁆􀁔􀀁􀁂􀁏􀁅􀀁􀁄􀁂􀁏􀀁􀁅􀁊􀁗􀁆􀀁􀁕􀁐􀀁􀀖􀀑􀀑􀀁􀁎􀀏􀀁􀀵􀁉􀁆􀁚 are migratory and can travel thousands of kilometres in a year. Human interactions:􀀁􀁕􀁉􀁆􀁚􀀁􀁂􀁓􀁆􀀁􀅳􀁔􀁉􀁆􀁅􀀁􀁄􀁐􀁎􀁎􀁆􀁓􀁄􀁊􀁂􀁍􀁍􀁚􀀁􀁂􀁏􀁅􀀁􀁕􀁉􀁆􀁊􀁓􀀁􀁑􀁐􀁑􀁖􀁍􀁂􀁕􀁊􀁐􀁏􀁔􀀁􀁂􀁓􀁆􀀁􀁊􀁏 serious decline. Common dolphin Australian fur seal ✃ ✃ fold 25. Australian fur seal MAMMAL (Arctocephalus pusillus doriferus) Food:􀀁􀅳􀁔􀁉􀀍􀀁􀁔􀁒􀁖􀁊􀁅􀀍􀀁􀁐􀁄􀁕􀁐􀁑􀁖􀁔􀀏􀀁􀀁 Size:􀀁􀁘􀁆􀁊􀁈􀁉􀀁􀁖􀁑􀀁􀁕􀁐􀀁􀀔􀀖􀀑􀀁􀁌􀁈􀁔􀀁􀁂􀁏􀁅􀀁􀁍􀁆􀁏􀁈􀁕􀁉􀀁􀁕􀁐􀀁􀀓􀀁􀁎 Life span: 10-12 years in the wild, up to 20 years in captivity. Habitat: they breed on rocky islands in Bass Strait and forage in inshore and open waters as far as 600 km from their breeding colony. Behaviour: they can dive as deep as 100 metres and can hold their breath for nearly 10 minutes. Human interactions: they almost became extinct as a result of the sealing industry when hundreds of thousands of seals were slaughtered for their skins 􀁊􀁏􀀁􀁕􀁉􀁆􀀁􀀒􀀙􀀑􀀑􀀈􀁔􀀏􀀁􀀴􀁆􀁂􀁍􀁔􀀁􀁄􀁂􀁏􀀁􀁄􀁂􀁖􀁔􀁆􀀁􀁑􀁓􀁐􀁃􀁍􀁆􀁎􀁔􀀁􀁂􀁕􀀁􀅳􀁔􀁉􀀁􀁇􀁂􀁓􀁎􀁔􀀁􀁃􀁚􀀁􀁕􀁂􀁌􀁊􀁏􀁈􀀁􀅳􀁔􀁉 ✃ fold 26. Common dolphin MAMMAL (Delphinus delphis) Food:􀀁􀁔􀁒􀁖􀁊􀁅􀀁􀁂􀁏􀁅􀀁􀅳􀁔􀁉 Size:􀀁􀁖􀁑􀀁􀁕􀁐􀀁􀀓􀀏􀀔􀀁􀁎􀀁􀁂􀁏􀁅􀀁􀁘􀁆􀁊􀁈􀁉􀀁􀁖􀁑􀀁􀁕􀁐􀀁􀀒􀀒􀀖􀀁􀁌􀁈 Habitat: sheltered bays and open ocean. Life span:􀀁􀁂􀁕􀀁􀁍􀁆􀁂􀁔􀁕􀀁􀀓􀀖􀀁􀁚􀁆􀁂􀁓􀁔􀀏􀀁 Behaviour: they can occur in large groups or pods (up to 1000 animals). They work together to herd their prey into tight a ball which makes them easier to catch and eat. Human interactions:􀀁􀁕􀁉􀁆􀁚􀀁􀁂􀁓􀁆􀀁􀁂􀁄􀁄􀁊􀁅􀁆􀁏􀁕􀁂􀁍􀁍􀁚􀀁􀁄􀁂􀁖􀁈􀁉􀁕􀀁􀁊􀁏􀀁􀅳􀁔􀁉􀁊􀁏􀁈􀀁􀁏􀁆􀁕􀁔􀀍􀀁􀁑􀁂􀁓􀁕􀁊􀁄􀁖􀁍􀁂􀁓􀁍􀁚 tuna nets. Great white shark Orca ✃ ✃ fold 27. Orca MAMMAL Killer whale (Orcinus orca) Food:􀀁􀁔􀁒􀁖􀁊􀁅􀀍􀀁􀅳􀁔􀁉􀀁􀁂􀁏􀁅􀀁􀁎􀁂􀁓􀁊􀁏􀁆􀀁􀁎􀁂􀁎􀁎􀁂􀁍􀁔􀀏􀀁 Size: up to 9 m. Life span: up to 80 years. Habitat: open ocean and coastal bays. Behaviour: the orca is a toothed whale that lives in groups (pods) of 3 to 30 􀁊􀁏􀁅􀁊􀁗􀁊􀁅􀁖􀁂􀁍􀁔􀀏􀀁􀀵􀁉􀁆􀀁􀁎􀁂􀁍􀁆􀀁􀁉􀁂􀁔􀀁􀁂􀀁􀁍􀁂􀁓􀁈􀁆􀀁􀁅􀁐􀁓􀁔􀁂􀁍􀀁􀅳􀁏􀀏􀀁 Human interactions:􀀁􀁐􀁓􀁄􀁂􀁔􀀁􀁔􀁐􀁎􀁆􀁕􀁊􀁎􀁆􀁔􀀁􀁇􀁐􀁍􀁍􀁐􀁘􀀁􀅳􀁔􀁉􀁊􀁏􀁈􀀁􀁃􀁐􀁂􀁕􀁔􀀁􀁂􀁏􀁅􀀁􀁕􀁂􀁌􀁆􀀁􀅳􀁔􀁉􀀁􀁇􀁓􀁐􀁎 􀅳􀁔􀁉􀁊􀁏􀁈􀀁􀁍􀁊􀁏􀁆􀁔 ✃ fold 28. Great white shark FISH (Carcharodon carcharias) Food:􀀁􀁓􀁐􀁄􀁌􀀁􀁍􀁐􀁃􀁔􀁕􀁆􀁓􀀍􀀁􀁔􀁆􀁂􀁍􀁔􀀍􀀁􀁅􀁐􀁍􀁑􀁉􀁊􀁏􀁔􀀍􀀁􀁘􀁉􀁂􀁍􀁆􀁔􀀍􀀁􀁔􀁉􀁂􀁓􀁌􀁔􀀍􀀁􀅳􀁔􀁉􀀁􀁂􀁏􀁅􀀁􀁃􀁊􀁓􀁅􀁔 Size:􀀁􀁖􀁑􀀁􀁕􀁐􀀁􀀗􀀏􀀖􀀁􀁎􀀏 Life span: over 30 years Habitat: the ‘great white’ lives in the open ocean. Behaviour: they have a very strong sense of smell which they use to track down live prey or dead animals. Human interactions: the population is declining due to deliberate hunting and 􀁃􀁚􀀎􀁄􀁂􀁕􀁄􀁉􀀁􀁘􀁊􀁕􀁉􀀁􀅳􀁔􀁉􀁆􀁓􀁊􀁆􀁔􀀏􀀁􀀵􀁉􀁆􀁚􀀁􀁂􀁓􀁆􀀁􀁏􀁐􀁘􀀁􀁑􀁓􀁐􀁕􀁆􀁄􀁕􀁆􀁅 Human being ✃ fold fold 29. Human being MAMMAL (Homo sapiens sapiens) Food: a variety of foods from both the land and the sea. Sea foods favoured 􀁊􀁏􀁄􀁍􀁖􀁅􀁆􀀁􀅳􀁔􀁉􀀍􀀁􀁓􀁐􀁄􀁌􀀁􀁍􀁐􀁃􀁔􀁕􀁆􀁓􀀍􀀁􀁔􀁒􀁖􀁊􀁅􀀍􀀁􀁐􀁄􀁕􀁐􀁑􀁖􀁔􀀍􀀁􀁂􀁏􀁅􀀁􀁆􀁗􀁆􀁏􀀁􀁌􀁓􀁊􀁍􀁍 Size: up to 1.8 m Life span: 80 years. Habitat: live on land but forage for food on land and in the sea. Behaviour: human beings are omnivorous, eating a wide variety of food. They hunt for food but also ‘farm’ species for consumption e.g. salmon, tuna and oysters. Human interactions:􀀁􀁎􀁂􀁏􀁚􀀁􀁎􀁂􀁓􀁊􀁏􀁆􀀁􀁔􀁑􀁆􀁄􀁊􀁆􀁔􀀁􀁂􀁓􀁆􀀁􀁊􀁏􀀁􀁅􀁆􀁄􀁍􀁊􀁏􀁆􀀁􀁅􀁖􀁆􀀁􀁕􀁐􀀁􀁐􀁗􀁆􀁓􀅳􀁔􀁉􀁊􀁏􀁈􀀁􀁃􀁚 􀁉􀁖􀁎􀁂􀁏􀁔􀀁􀁆􀀏􀁈􀀏􀀁􀁃􀁍􀁖􀁆􀀁􀅳􀁏􀀁􀁕􀁖􀁏􀁂􀀍􀀁􀁋􀁂􀁄􀁌􀀁􀁎􀁂􀁄􀁌􀁆􀁓􀁆􀁍􀀁􀁂􀁏􀁅􀀁􀁓􀁐􀁄􀁌􀀁􀁍􀁐􀁃􀁔􀁕􀁆􀁓􀀏 ✃ ✃ Worksheet: Tasmanian Marine Food Web Diagram Worksheet: Tasmanian Marine Food Web Diagram Draw in lines with arrows to show the flow of energy up the food chain. (Check the ANSWERS to see how you went.) 29. Human 28. Great white shark 23. Shy albatross 22. Little penguin 21. Short-tailed shearwater 16. Southern rock lobster 14. Gould’s squid 12. North Pacific seastar 2. Bacteria 3. Detritus 6. Seagrass 4. Phytoplankton 5. Giant kelp 7. Micro-zooplankton (ciliate) 8. Macro-zooplankton (krill) 9. Flea mussel 10. Long-spined urchin 13. Anchovy 11. Eight-armed seastar 17. Toothbrush leatherjacket 15. Maori octopus 19. Barracouta 18. Jack mackerel 20. Southern right whale 24. Blue fin tuna 25. Australian fur seal 26. Common dolphin 27. Orca 1. Sun