ISSUE 19• Oct 2021
ANICdotes
The official newsletter of the Australian National Insect Collection
CSIRO NATIONAL FACILITIES AND COLLECTIONS
www.csiro.au

Inside this issue
The Director’s Introduction 	
ANIC closing for relocation: a message from the NRCA director	
Welcome to Michael Elias	
Introducing Mark Rullo 	
Living with lockdown 	
Royal Entomological Society award for Laurence Mound	
Border Ranges field trip
Autumn insect trapping in central NSW
Azure, sapphire and a splash of gold
On the fly released as an app
Thanks ANIC
Japanese Anime beetles: a media hit	
Recent publications

The Director’s introduction
David Yeates, Director
The ACT was faring quite well in the pandemic through winter, but case numbers in Sydney remained stubbornly high, just 300 km away on a major highway.  Then the inevitable happened.  A case of the Delta variant appeared in Canberra in early August and we immediately entered lockdown, which lasted through most of spring.  So it was back to working from home for all but a few of us working on essential, time-sensitive projects that cannot be progressed from home.  The ACT Government and CSIRO are now beginning to ease restrictions as vaccination rates go sky high. We are all hoping for an improved 2022…  
However, we have still managed to compile a busy issue of ANICdotes, with articles about field work completed before the lockdown, new staff and students, staff awards and the release of new research products. In this issue we welcome Michael Elias and Mark Rullo to ANIC.  Michael is working on an exciting project funded by the Department of Agriculture, Water and Environment, that uses artificial intelligence to identify the Brown Marmorated Stinkbug (Halyomorpha halys).  Mark Rullo is a PhD candidate working on a CSIRO- industry project to assess the nutritional value of Australia’s native insects.  
Laurence Mound’s extensive, global, research activity on thrips is well known to readers of ANICdotes, and on page 6 we congratulate Laurence Mound for becoming an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Entomological Society of London.  Richly deserved, Laurence!  This issue also features field trips to the Border Ranges region of Queensland by our beetle and moths crews, squeezed in during the pandemic, and details of malaise trapping for flies around the ACT and southern NSW (pp. 7-9).  Honorary Fellow Michael Braby shares with us his experiences chasing down populations of rare azure butterflies on pages 10 and 11.  
We also record the release of a new incarnation of the key to Australian fly families On the Fly, this time for phone applications (p. 11).  One of the last pieces in this issue, just before our list of publications, is an article by Yun Hsaio on beetles he has named after Japanese Digimon and Pokemon fictional characters.
During winter the planning and designing of our new building continued apace, and we are still on track to begin construction early in 2022.  The collection itself will be closed for 2022 and 2023 as we prepare for, and complete, the move (p. 2).  We will be sure to include news of the ground-breaking in ANICdotes issue #20!

ANIC closing for relocation: a message from the NRCA director
Dear Colleague 
I am pleased to inform you that National Research Collections Australia will soon be relocating our Canberra-based collections from their current locations to a new, single, purpose-built collections precinct. The new National Collections Building is jointly funded by CSIRO and the Department of Education, Skills and Employment through the National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy. 
The new precinct will be located at the CSIRO Black Mountain site in Canberra. It will provide modern storage and research facilities including secure collections halls, dedicated storage for ethanol-preserved specimens, new molecular laboratories (including a trace DNA laboratory), digitisation facilities, and curation, office and meeting spaces. It will allow co-location of four of our seven major collections: 
• Australian National Herbarium 
• Australian National Insect Collection 
• Australian National Wildlife Collection 
• Australian Tree Seed Centre 
We have now completed several years of planning and construction is expected to commence in early 2022, with the project to be completed by the end of 2023. Of necessity, preparations for the relocation, and the move itself, will have significant implications for our collections management and science operations over the period commencing 1 January 2022 to 30 June 2024 that may affect you or your institution. The extent of these disruptions will vary across the different collections. 
The Australian National Algae Culture Collection and Australian National Fish Collection in Tasmania and the Australian Tropical Herbarium in Queensland will not be impacted by this process. 
We expect only minimal disruption to the operations of the Australian Tree Seed Centre and some limited impacts on loans, students and visitors at the Australian National Herbarium as both collections are already located on the new precinct site and neither will be moving buildings. 
The Australian National Insect Collection will move only a few hundred metres from its current location. However, this will involve disruptions to all activities as we relocate 12 million specimens and associated research equipment. We anticipate visitors, loans in/out and enquiries that require access to the collection to be significantly interrupted during the specified period. 
The Australian National Wildlife Collection will move the furthest, from its current location at CSIRO’s Crace site to Black Mountain, a distance of approximately 10km. We expect to be able to continue responding to requests for tissue samples, except when the freezers are being moved in mid-to-late 2023. However, as with the ANIC, it is expected that visitors, loans in/out and enquiries that require access to the collection will be significantly interrupted from January 2022. 
Taking this approach of limiting our operations at ANIC and ANWC over the next two and a half years is necessary to allow our staff to focus on the important and challenging task of relocating these valuable research collections. It will also mean that we will be able to resume our full suite of collections management and science activities, interactions and services as soon as possible following the relocation. 
During this challenging time we appreciate your consideration and patience and look forward to being able to welcome you to our National Research Collections Australia Precinct in 2024. 
Your sincerely 
Dr Andrew Young 
Director, National Research Collections Australia 
CSIRO National Facilities and Collections.

Welcome to Michael Elias
Michael Elias
Michael received his PhD from the University of New South Wales in Systematic Entomology in 2016. His thesis was on the taxonomy and morphology of the plant-bug tribe Orthotylini (Heteroptera: Miridae) in the West Pacific.
Since completing his PhD he has worked in various roles in biosecurity for the NSW and Federal governments in Sydney, Melbourne and Canberra. He became a specialist on heteropteran biosecurity threats such as Halyomorpha halys (Brown Marmorated Stinkbug). His work included various roles identifying insects intercepted by biosecurity, writing biosecurity pest risk assessments and management and curation of collection data. 
In July he was employed by CSIRO to work on a project to develop an app that will enable biosecurity officers to identify stinkbugs that are commonly intercepted at the borders or approved arrangement sites. The project will use artificial neural networks to train AI to positively identify stinkbug species such as H. halys using a phone camera. 
Halyomorpha halys is a major pest on several crops overseas including apples, stone fruit, hazelnuts, grapes, figs and some cucurbits and solanaceous crops. It causes billions of dollars of damage to crops globally every year. It is originally from East Asia, but with the rapid increase in trade from the region it has spread all over the temperate regions of the world and become a major pest all over Europe, North America, Western and Central Asia over the past 25 years, and in the last few years it has established a foothold in South America.
The app will be specifically focussed on obtaining rapid identification of H. halys, one of the Federal Government’s most concerning exotic pests. It will be able to identify H. halys and other exotic pest species, such as Erthesina fullo as well as several native stinkbugs that are commonly confused with H. halys by our biosecurity officers..
Introducing Mark Rullo
Mark Rullo
Mark is an industry PhD (iPhD) student from Adelaide. After completing a B.A in Nutrition and Food Sciences at the University of South Australia, he worked in the biosciences team at the Australian Wine Research Institute. This period involved working on molecular tools for studying a wine bacterium involved in malolactic fermentation, Oenococcus oeni, and routine microbial testing of alcoholic beverages. His love for unusual foods prompted him to apply for the iPhD scholarship ‘Exploring Australia’s edible insects’ offered through CSIRO and the University of Adelaide. 

This project aims to investigate a number of Australia’s edible insect species, measuring their protein, fats, micronutrients, antioxidant properties and antimicrobial activities.  An overview is given in the image below. Previous work from AgriFutures Australia (previously RIRDC) suggested that it may be possible to commercialise the rearing of witchetty grubs (Endoxyla species), but due to the slow development time of these species, it was deemed worthy to investigate the production of faster growing species such as the Bogong Moth (Agrotis infusa), which can be used to generate revenue whilst the witchetty grubs mature.

Edible-insects project update
I thought this would be a good opportunity to give you a quick update on the edible-insect project. Since arriving in Canberra, I have captured adult bogong moths from Mt Gingera and Mt Kosciuszko and maintained a colony for 6 generations. After nearly losing the colony to disease, disrupting egg laying (by leaving the lights on) and experiencing other rearing hurdles, it looks like the moths are settling into their new routine. The moths have been reared using similar methods used to rear pest species such as Spodoptera and Helicoverpa. Using these methods, we are able to produce adult moths in 8 weeks. Unfortunately, the current rearing method is time-consuming, the larvae are cannibals and I am yet to develop mass rearing method. I am hoping to resume this work once COVID restrictions allow! 
Once I have enough material, I hope to do a nutrition comparison between wild moths and lab-reared moths. Previous work has shown that the whole moths contain approximately 24% protein and 20% fat, although, when taking the abdomens only, the fat content can be as high as 40%. The final-instar larvae will also be analysed, as they are easier to process (no scales) and are likely to contain higher amounts of nutrients. 

Other edible species and future work
During a field trip with Keith Bayless, I was able to trap an Abantiades species. With little information available, I used a modified Spodoptera rearing method to collect eggs and maintain larvae. The larvae have been growing since March and the largest weighs approximately 3g. The larvae are amazing, as can be seen in the images below. They tend to move backwards extremely quickly when handled and can survive without food for months. 
Although I am mainly concerned with the nutritional aspects of edible insects, there may be also be research opportunities, such as the documentation of the life history of the species.
Once I have completed the nutritional analysis on the bogong moths, I would like to look at other iconic species as listed below. The full list of edible insects contains species from other orders and many different families. Unfortunately, due to COVID restrictions and limited resources it is not possible to collect and rear all of these species. 
In closing, I would like to reach out to the readers of ANICdotes and ask for your assistance. If you are heading out for fieldwork or have contacts who have access to these species, I would love to chat with you! Thank you all for your assistance so far! 
If you would like to see the full list or chat about this work, please feel free to get in touch using my email: Mark.rullo@csiro.au

Living with lockdown
Ying Luo
A lockdown never comes at a good time, and a lockdown that prevents you from accessing specimens and labs during your PhD is definitely not ideal. I was actually in Melbourne in 2020, and at least I can say that that experience gave me some tools and skills for coping with a lockdown. One thing I’ve found extremely helpful is getting myself outside every day. Fortunately, lockdown has coincided with the onset of spring, and I have been using my outside time to improve my plant ID and leaf-miner rearing skills which are vital for my PhD project on leaf blotch miner moths (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae). I am extremely grateful to be in the “bush capital” of Australia, where we are surrounded by lovely parks. I have been able to set up a little rearing station at home (complete with a trusty ANIC field microscope) and the antics of my tubes of leaf miners has meant there’s something different to observe each day.

Royal Entomological Society award for Laurence Mound
Peter Cranston
Laurence Mound, commander cum patron of the ‘thrips room’ in the corner of the upper ‘new’ (now old) wing of the ANIC collection halls, is to receive a new wall hanging - the scroll awarded to Honorary Fellows of the Royal Entomological Society (of London, UK; RES). This honour is well over-due: Systematic Entomology and its now six stable mates originated under Laurence’s carving-up in 1976 of the society-published Transactions and Proceedings A and B. Encouraged by the registrar, these journals divided and became a substantial income-generator with commercial publisher Wiley rather than the previous encumbrance. As with the subsequent sale of RES HQ real estate in Queen’s Gate, South Kensington, initially changes were not popular. Ahead of his time as ever, somehow Laurence missed earlier RES recognition even as the healthy finances that flowed allowed expansion and much innovative support of insect study. Two decades ago I was similarly rewarded only for editing just one journal, but belatedly a successful case was made recently for Laurence. A condensed version for those who do not know the fullness of his career follows.
Laurence’s entomological interests started young, in England. After his first degree, postgraduate studies followed at the British Museum of Natural History (BMNH) and then employment in the ‘colonies’ to study agricultural entomology. Placed initially in Ibadan, Nigeria, he studied whitefly vectors of crop virus diseases, followed by a period in the Sudan (1961-1964) studying the effects of whiteflies on cotton and recognising that environmental influences underpinned taxonomy. Next he returned to London to take responsibility for the whitefly and thrips collections in the BMNH. There Laurence’s research turned to thrips, persisting for 50 years despite interruptions due to managing the Department of Entomology (1981-1992), helping organise the International Congresses of Entomology (1976–1992) and accepting many invitations to speak on the role and future of the discipline. Then he became collateral damage of the Thatcher-government-driven cuts to science. Britain’s loss of Laurence Mound was Australia’s gain. 
Laurence has been now in Australia for more than a quarter of a century, continuing as a prolific research scientist with over 460 published papers. Early on he worked with Canadian Bernie Crespi in seminal studies on our social acacia thrips. An Australian thrips catalogue followed, with funding from Australian Biological Resources Study. After a CSIRO McMaster Fellows he became a continuing Honorary Research Fellowship with ANIC. He even found time to edit Myrmecia from 1999 to 2004, expanding the contributions from regional laboratories and caring very much for the issues of layout and coherence of contributions. He has been a long-time member of the Australian Entomological Society and, naturally, retains his membership (now honorary!) of the Royal Entomological Society. 
Laurence has retained an international perspective, notably revisiting the UK frequently and collaborating with Kiwi exile in California, Mark Hoddle. As his colleagues know, in the ‘thrips room’ he has hosted a continuous stream of visitors from everywhere on the globe, each receiving individual advice on projects, and training in thrips identification, with strong emphasis on significance of thrips’ biology. Laurence has hosted many workshops in Australia for quarantine and agriculture personnel and also in Malaysia over several years, involving Indonesians, Malaysians, Vietnamese and Americans   (Californians) and Thai and Singaporean students. Biosecurity workers have also received his wisdom. As subject editor for thrips and whiteflies for the international journal Zootaxa, Laurence has been influential in maintaining publication standards on these groups. The Lucid developers have benefitted greatly since his pilot keys and continuous testing of software. This has resulted in Lucid thrips identification and information systems for many countries, including Brazil, California, China, New Zealand, Timor Leste as well as Australia, most developed with co-workers and where appropriate in both English and the primary language of the co-worker. These systems are supported by the ThripsWiki web site that he developed, in that it provides access to nomenclatural details of the world Thysanoptera as well as other information resources about thrips.
Until Covid-19 intervened, Laurence’s field-based research covered all points of the Australian continent, from wet to arid, and including offshore islands, among them Lord Howe, Kangaroo, Flinders and Torres Straits islands, and Norfolk Island in relation to potential quarantine issues. As ever, a practical reason was found for the journeys, although a taxonomist’s interest is easily piqued by these exotic locations. Let’s hope these thrips trips can resume someday soon.

Border Ranges field trip
Lingzi Zhou and Living Li
A crew from the ANIC beetle and Lepidoptera groups, including Adam Slipinski, Andreas Zwick, Lingzi Zhou, Yun Hsiao, Living Li, Zhenhua Liu and Siwanon Paphatmethin, were lucky to fit in a field trip to the Border Ranges National Park (NSW) before the COVID lockdown hit. The Border Ranges National Park is a part of the Gondwana Rainforest of Australia World Heritage Area   and has highest concentration of marsupial, bird, snake and frog species in Australia. But this time we were hunting for insects.
We were told by the accommodation owner, Hugh Starkey, that in early March this year the Border Ranges seemed a bit cooler and wetter compared to the past few years. Consistent rain made beetle collecting hard work but didn’t seem to affect the moths as much. On several occassions Andreas and Siwanon ran out of vials and were too busy to get much sleep at night. The beetle team mainly relied on Berlese funnels and various other traps, such as single- and double-layer slam traps, light traps, Lindgren Funnel traps as well as pyrethrum spray. The beetle team collected close to 2000 beetle specimens belonging to at least 34 beetle families, including some uncommon species. The sorting work is still going on.
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The Nicholas Collection of nematodes
Mike Hodda
Throughout a career spanning almost 50 years, the late Dr. Warwick L. (“Nick”) Nicholas from the Australian National University made outstanding contributions to the study of Australian free-living and vertebrate-parasitic nematodes. Part of his contribution includes an extensive collection of mostly free-living nematodes from many locations and habitats around Australia. This collection is a result of many field expeditions, covering a period of 1972 to 2007, when ill-health forced curtailment of collecting activity. It is the most extensive slide collection of Australian free-living nematodes, and offers a unique insight into nematode diversity, particularly from the eastern coast of Australia. The collection was donated to ANIC and is now housed in the National Nematode Collection. Cataloguing of the collection was recently completed.
A total of 555 species was represented in the collection of about 4500 slides, prepared from 995 samples taken from 334 habitats in 132 locations in all states and internal territories of Australia, as well as collections made in six other countries. These collections occurred over 636 sampling occasions within a period of almost 40 years, representing a very substantial sampling effort.
The collection had 420 species from marine and estuarine habitats. A previous checklist recorded 263 species of marine nematodes for the whole of Australia, Heard & Macquarie Islands, to which the Nicholas Collection adds 227 species previously undocumented. When combined with other records, almost 700 species have now been recorded from the east coast of Australia from South Australia around to Darwin, a number comparable to the 671 species recorded for the entire east coast of North America, and the 735 named species recorded for the entire North Sea.
A notable feature of the collection is its taxonomic range, spanning all three classes of nematodes, as well as 26 of the 32 orders and 104 of the 274 families known. A total of 38 species was newly described by Nicholas and colleagues (including Mike Hodda from ANIC), most of them endemics. In addition to these species, many other specimens are from genera otherwise not reported from Australia, and so represent the only verifiable records for Australia.
Most species and genera were either very rare (collected once at a single location) or else very widespread in both space and time (collected many times at multiple location). The number of rare species can make nematode taxonomy difficult if there are only a few specimens, and re-collection is unlikely. At the most frequently visited sites, however, many species were collected more than once, thanks to the very extensive collections: the most frequently collected species were in the genera Theristus and Enoplolaimus, each found in about 5% of the nearly 1000 samples.
The slide collection does not represent a comprehensive inventory of all the nematodes in every one of the places and habitats sampled. It does not even represent a complete inventory of all the nematodes in the samples: not all nematodes were extracted, fixed, dehydrated and mounted on permanent slides. However, analysis of the collection records does give the best indication available of both nematode diversity in Australia and the effort needed to adequately document it, thanks to the extensive time period over which it was collected, the large number of localities, and the many repeated visits to some of the locations.

This analysis suggests that nematodes really are very diverse, with over 700 species found in a single habitat, and that this number represents less than half of the species that are probably there. After even 40+ years of collecting at a single location, species not seen before at a site were still being found, and the analysis suggests that it may take many more samples over many more years to truly find all the species in any one place.Despite its wide geographic and temporal scope, this collection shows that there is still a long way to go to document Australia’s nematode fauna.

Living Li was inspired to write the following creative recollection about his experience in the Border Ranges.
“When the chorus of bell miners began to echo in the hidden valley, Cougal Park shrouded, in milky mist, awoke in the tranquility of morning light. A cup of warm tea, followed by a sweet breakfast, presented the team a fresh day of bush life! While the moth guys were busy with sorting last night’s catch, the beetle team set out for remote mountains. Across rivers and through cowherds, the rugged ridge road winds its way toward exquisite wilderness, where towering eucalypts give way to the lush green of tree ferns. Brindle Creek, lined with vibrant stream lilies, welcomed the team with a fancy dance of rufous fantail. Ease your soul into this timeless rainforest and embrace the cool moist air, it’s time for a ‘beetling’ safari – a thick layer of leaf litter near the buttress, isn’t it a good candidate for sifting? A forest corridor along the gully, isn’t it a promising land for slam trapping? A little clearing in between canopy, isn’t it a nice spot for hanging a Lindgren funnel? A decaying standing tree decorated by crispy fungi, isn’t it a reasonable choice for bark-spraying? The thing with Border Range is, after hours of hard work in dirt, you will be rewarded with something mind-blowing. 
At Pinnacle Lookout, millions of years of erosion from eruptions of shield volcanos unfold in the spectacular view of Tweed Valley. Backdropped by the sea, Mt Warning stands in solitude. In the south, the arc of mountains stretches toward Bar Mountain, where Antarctic beeches flourished since dinosaur age and the changeable nature of mountain weather is in its full display. Fog thickening and rainclouds gathering, there was no trace of land mullets, no songs of Albert’s Lyrebird, just the wind in the trees and the occasional call of scrub wrens. Don’t be fooled by the seemingly emptiness of Gondwana rainforests. A few days later, our traps would tell you a rich story of teeny-weeny fairies, which have thrived in this wonderland. Stumbling in leaf litters are Periptyctus endomychids, commuting between understoreys are Rhopalobrachium phloeostichids, hidden in rotten woods are Derolathrus jacobsoniids. 
When the veil of night descends, graceful frogs emerged from their daytime shelter, Platyphanes tenebrionids took their night patrol on tree trunks. A cup of wine after dinner, now it’s time to enjoy the daily moth show at light trap. But that’s not all! The highlight was not just at the destination, but also on the way home. Below the surface of Narrabri shire lies the Great Artesian Basin. Take a bath in the steamy hot pool, immerse yourself in the mineral-rich Artesian water before setting out for a night collecting at Pilliga Forest. After days of heavy rain, the channel country turned into sheets of water, yet the semi-arid inland bloomed with life. A brief stroll along the river of Gilgandra greeted us with an unexpected mating frenzy of Rhipicera beetles. Sometimes, the wonders are hidden in most ordinary places, all you need is to open your mind’s eye.”

Autumn insect trapping in central NSW
Keith M. Bayless & David K. Yeates

With international fieldwork impossible and interstate travel risky, adaptations for fieldwork had to be made. The brief COVID interlude early in 2021 was a chance to stage a collecting campaign for flies active in autumn. We surveyed a less explored part of Australia, at least for acalyptrate flies- central New South Wales. Australian entomological fieldwork often targets the coast or mountains in the spring and summer, but a few strange and potentially important flies seem to be active inland in the autumn. We organised about five overnight trips to raise and recover malaise traps and to light-trap throughout the vast area. 
Much of the land between Dubbo and the western Blue Mountains has been converted to agriculture, but the extensive conserved land maintains a striking diversity of ecosystems. We set traps in Callitris cypress-pine forests replete with cycads near Binnaway, endangered dry fuzzy box (Eucalyptus conica) woodland at Weddin Mtn, open grassy box-ironbark forest in Goonoo SCA and in far northwest populations of snow gums and Nothofagus in Coolah Tops.  

While viral risks were carefully avoided, fieldwork didn’t proceed entirely smoothly. The floods in eastern Australia starting on 18 March 2021 damaged four traps. Night drives returning from light-traps through the central NSW mouse plague were surreal. Curiously, the final trap sample we recovered reflected a population explosion of Pseudoleria pectinata, an invasive heleomyzid fly associated with rodent burrows (McAlpine 1984. J. Ent. Soc. NSW 16, 45-48).   
While the primary target, the enigmatic tephritoid Aliasutra, remained elusive, the traps caught target Pyrgotidae, Conopidae and Heleomyzidae, along with mosquitoes, wasps and bugs. At Mt. Boyce, sweeping cliffside Restionaceae sedges yielded a single specimen of a bizarre heleomyzid not seen since the 1980s - Waterhouseia cyclops, named after a former CSIRO entomologist. 
External obstacles causing us to adapt and re-adapt our plans led to positive results. This was probably the first insect survey research performed in some of these reserves. The efforts of a number of ANIC people made these trips possible- Thomas Wallenius, James Lumbers, Mark Rullo, Daniel Dashevsky, Madalene Giannota and Olivia Evangelista. 
Azures, sapphires and a splash of gold
Michael F. Braby
Earlier this year, during February and March 2021, Ethan Beaver and Mike Moore (both from Adelaide) and I spent eight weeks in the field in northern New South Wales and south-eastern and north-eastern Queensland. Our quest was to visit known sites supporting extant populations, collect adult specimens and rear larvae of a group of rare but otherwise spectacularly coloured butterflies, and we drove some 9500 km to achieve our objective! 
The butterflies under investigation belong to the lycaenid genus Ogyris, commonly known as Azures. This genus is largely endemic to Australia, where there are 14 species, which fall into several distinct species groups. One species group is the Ogyris aenone group, which contains three species – Sapphire Azure, Ogyris aenone (Waterhouse, 1902), Golden Azure, Ogyris ianthis (Waterhouse, 1900), and Orange-tipped Azure, Ogyris iphis (Waterhouse & Lyell, 1914). However, the systematic relationships and evolutionary history of this group are far from settled, and there are considerable uncertainties regarding species boundaries with the current taxonomy. Ethan is intending to investigate the systematics of this interesting complex for an Honours project, but the ANIC has so little preserved material and almost no DNA samples, and no one seems to have adequately described and compared the immature stages.
We had three key objectives. These were to install larval traps, to collect, rear and photograph the immature stages (egg, all larval instars and pupa) of all species and to sample fresh tissue material for laboratory analysis. The larvae specialise on plants in the mistletoe family Loranthaceae, and they feed nocturnally, retreating under loose bark or hiding in holes made by wood-boring insects during the day. They are also obligatorily associated with ants, and the association is usually highly specific. For example, typical O. aenone in the Wet Tropics breeds predominantly on Diplatia or Dendrophthoe mistletoes growing on Melaleuca trees, and the larvae are obligatorily attended by Philidris cordatus ants, whereas the larvae of O. ianthis feed on Amyema or Dendrophthoe mistletoes parasitising eucalypts and are obligatorily attended by Froggattella kirbii ants. Another population in this complex breeds on Lysiana or Amyema mistletoes growing on Allocasuarina and its larvae are attended by Anonychomyrma inclinata ants. 
Thus, much of our time was spent searching for the early stages of these butterflies, which are difficult to find because of their highly localised occurrence and complex association with host trees that have suitable combinations of mistletoe larval food plants and nests of the specific attendant ant. Perhaps only 5-10% of trees at a site might support both the appropriate species of mistletoe and a colony of the particular ant, but even when these resources co-occur they are not always occupied by breeding colonies of the butterfly.
Once such host trees with the correct combination of ant and mistletoe were found, we set up larva traps. In the past, some collectors would remove the mistletoe clump from the host tree or, worse, chop down the host tree to collect the larvae or pupae (Le Souëf 1976). However, a more sustainable method is to install traps to catch the larvae. One method is to place a broad piece of bark or a band of corrugated cardboard secured with wire around the branch or trunk of the host tree subtending the mistletoe clump. The bark or cardboard provides a convenient but temporary shelter for the larvae. In total, we installed cardboard 237 traps on 143 trees sampled at 23 sites in 10 locations spread between the Pilliga and Port Douglas. A ladder (Le Souëf 1977) and/or good tree-climbing skills is essential for this work (it also helps to be tall, like Ethan!). Our plan was to re-visit all sites again this spring to check the traps, but COVID-19 lockdowns in the ACT and border closures in QLD put an end to that! We hope to do a follow-up trip in early 2022. We look forward to the results of Ethan’s project next year.

On The Fly released as an app
David Yeates
The original On The Fly key to Australian fly families was first released on CD-ROM in 2005. The keys were later modified and upgraded for the web on the What Bug Is That? website, served from the ANIC web pages http://anic.ento.csiro.au/insectfamilies/. 
Over the past year we have ported the Diptera keys and other information over to be used as an application on a phone or tablet. The app can be downloaded from the Apple or Google app stores to run on devices using either iOS or Android operating systems.  
The application includes the keys and other information provided on the original CD, including a section on fly classifications, an summary of the biology of flies, an overview of the Australian fly fauna, pest flies, collecting flies and curating fly collections. The app is dedicated to Don Colless, a prominent CSIRO dipterist who built up the ANIC collection over many years, and who is one of the authors of the  original CD version. Jaime Florez, Keith Bayless and James Lumbers commented on draft versions, and Jaime also prepared some new images of small and obscure groups for this app version. The original version of the key was produced using resources from the Australian Biological Resources Study (DAWE).

Thanks ANIC
Jon Lewis
We’ve all changed schools or jobs or even countries and sometimes found our new environment a bit challenging. There is so much to learn and people often don’t have time or inclination to help you. But this didn’t happen when I came to ANIC. I started as a volunteer in June 2017 and found ANIC to be a welcoming and supportive place to work. Not being trained in entomology, I had a lot to learn, but ANIC people have been consistently generous with their time and knowledge. No workplace is perfect and problems will always arise, but the goodwill that flows around ANIC keeps the place a friendly and collegiate environment. Not only do people turn up for cake, but when another 20 cabinets need to be moved in, everyone turns up to help with that too! I published my first taxonomic paper this year, a milestone in my scientific life. I hope there will be more, but it couldn’t have happened without this amazing place and the people who work here. So, thanks ANIC! 

Japanese Anime beetles: a media hit
Yun Hsiao
Recently Yun Hsiao (@YHsiaoBeetle), published two taxonomic papers on Australian beetles. The articles featured beetles named after Japanese Anime Digimon Adventure and Pokémon fictional creatures. The posts on social media have attracted  nearly 8000 Likes in total, and a Belgian youtuber has created an impressive video on these new discoveries (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ot04tY5f-rM).
One paper, published with weevil fellow Rolf Oberprieler, comprehensively reviews the taxonomy of Australian cycad-boring weevils, Demyrsus and Siraton. A new species, D. digmon from North Queensland, is described and named after the fictional insectoid Digmon in the Japanese anime television series Digimon Adventure. This character possesses the great power of drilling and manipulating the earth, and the weevil was named after it due to its habits of boring into hard trunks of cycads. Rolf and Yun also found that both these weevil genera  prefer to infest the African genus Encephalartos more readily than other non‐Australian cycad genera, which is probably rooted in the close phylogenetic relationship between this Encephalartos and its Australian host genera, Macrozamia and Lepidozamia.
The second paper was written with Darren Pollock, of the Eastern New Mexico University in the USA, in preparation for a book chapter for Volume 3 of Australian Beetles. It describes three new species of fire-coloured beetles (family Pyrochroidae) that were discovered among the specimens of this family housed in the ANIC. They belong to the Australian-endemic genus Binburrum and were named after the bird-like creatures Articuno, Zapdos and Moltres in the Japanese franchise Pokemon. Although Binburrum articuno, B. zapdos and B. moltres lack external similarity to these bird-like anime characters, they were named after them because they are equally rare as the elusive fictional birds in the video game, with only a few specimens collected in flight-intercept traps known to date and their life histories unknown. The species were also named after the legendary bird characters because the classic game Pokemon inspired Yun Hsiao in his childhood to become a taxonomist (“real Pokemon trainer”)

 Recent publications
Badano, D., Zhang, Q., Fratini, M., Maugeri, L., Bukreeva, I., Longo, E., Wilde, F., Yeates, D. K. & Cerretti P. (2021) Discovery of Lebambromyia in Myanmar Cretaceous Amber: phylogenetic and biogeographic Implications (Insecta, Diptera, Phoroidea). Insects, 12 (4), 354. https://doi.org/10.3390/insects1204035

Baird, H.P., Shin, S., Oberprieler, R.G., Hullé, M., Vernon, P., Moon, K.L., Adams, R.H., Mckenna, D.D. & Chown, S.L. (2021). Fifty million years of beetle evolution along the Antarctic Polar Front. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 118 (24), [1–10 + Suppl. 1–71]. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.­2017384118

Braby, M.F. (2021) Occurrence of the Southern Purple Azure butterfly Ogyris genoveva (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) near Melbourne. The Victorian Naturalist, 138, 85–91. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353036367

Braby, M.F. & Westaway, J. (2021) What to grow: An annotated list of native larval food plants of butterflies and diurnal moths in the Darwin Region, Northern Territory. Northern Territory Naturalist, 30, 80–96. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350457982

Braby, M.F., Williams, M.R., Douglas, F., Beardsell, C. & Crosby, D.F. (2021) Changes in a peri-urban butterfly assemblage over 80 years near Melbourne, Australia. Austral Entomology, 60, 27–51. https://doi.org/10.1111/aen.12514

Braby, M.F., Yeates, D.K. & Taylor, G. (2021) Population declines and the conservation of insects and other terrestrial invertebrates in Australia. Austral Entomology, 60 (1), 3–8. https://doi.org/10.1111/aen.12519

Braby, M.F., Geyle, H., Dielenberg, J., Bell, P.J., Glatz, R.V., Kitching, R. & New, T.R. (2021) Next time you see a butterfly, treasure the memory: scientists raise alarm on these 26 species. The Conversation. https://theconversation.com/next-time-you-see-a-butterfly-treasure-the-memory-scientists-raise-alarm-on-these-26-species-159798 

Brunke, A.J., Hansen, A.K., Salnitska, M., Kypke, J.L., Predeus, A.V., Escalona, H., Chapados, J.T., Eyres, J., Richter, R., Smetana, A., Ślipiński, A., Zwick, A., Hájek, J., Leschen, R.A.B., Solodovnikov, A. & Dettman, J.R. (2021) The limits of Quediini at last (Staphylinidae: Staphylininae): a rove beetle mega-radiation resolved by comprehensive sampling and anchored phylogenomics. Systematic Entomology, 46 (2), 396–421.https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12468

Bukejs, A., Ślipiński, A., Mitchell, J.L., McKellar, R.C., Barbi, M., Larsson, H.C.E. & Alekseev, V.I. (2021) First fossil representative of Cerylonidae (Coleoptera: Coccinelloidea) described using X-ray micro-computed tomography, from Eocene Baltic amber. Zootaxa, 5032 (2), 225–236. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.5032.2.4

Chandra, S., Halliday, B. & Šlapeta, J. (2021) Museum material of Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu Roberts (1965) collected in 1902−1964 from Australia is identical to R. sanguineus s.l. tropical lineage at the mitochondrial DNA 12S rRNA level. Medical and Veterinary Entomology, 35, 315–323. https://doi.org/10.1111/mve.12495

Chowdhury, S., Braby, M.F., Fuller, R. & Zalucki, M.P. (2021) Coasting along to a wider range: niche conservatism in the recent range expansion of the Tawny Coster, Acraea terpsicore (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Diversity and Distributions, 27, 402–415. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.13200

Clarke, D.A., Palmer, D.J., McGrannachan, C., Burgess, T.I., Chown, S.L., Clarke, R.H., Kumschick, S., Lach, L., Liebhold, A.M., Roy, H.E., Saunders, M.E., Yeates, D.K., Zalucki, M.P. & McGeoch, M.A. (2021) Options for reducing uncertainty in impact classification for alien species. Ecosphere, 12, 4: e03461. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.3461

Douglas, H.B., Kundrata, R., Brunke, A.J., Escalona, H.E., Chapados, J.T., Eyres, J., Richter, R., Savard, K., Ślipiński, A., McKenna, D. & Dettman, J.R. (2021) Anchored phylogenomics, evolution and systematics of Elateridae: are all bioluminescent Elateroidea derived click beetles? MDPI Biology, 10 (6), 451. https://doi.org/10.3390/biology10060451

Escalona, H.E. & Oberprieler, R.G. (2021) Undarobius, a new genus of cavernicolous weevils (Curculionidae: Entiminae: Leptopiini) from the Undara Lava Caves in north-eastern Australia, with an overview of anophthalmic and microphthalmic Australian Curculionidae. Zootaxa, 5023 (2), 207–222. (https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5023.2.2)

Fletcher, M. & Halliday, B. (2021) Obituary. Danuta Krystyna Knihinicki, 5 October 1964 – 15 May 2021. Myrmecia, 57 (3), 9–13. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/aen.12471
Freelance, C.B., Tierney, S.M., Rodriguez, J., Stuart-Fox, D.M., Wong, B. & Elgar, M.A. (2021) The eyes have it: dim-light activity is associated with the morphology of eyes but not antennae across insect orders. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society. https://doi.org/10.1093/biolinnean/blab088

Geyle, H.M., Braby, M.F., Andren, M. et al. (2021) Butterflies on the brink: Identifying the Australian butterflies (Lepidoptera) at greatest risk of extinction. Austral Entomology, 60, 98–110. https://doi.org/10.1111/aen.12525

Goldarazena, A., Michel, B. & Mound, L. (2021) Pennathrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), a new panchaetothripine genus from New Caledonia. Zootaxa, 5016 (1), 142–146. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5016.1.8

Hsiao, Y. (2021) A preliminary phylogenetic study on the systematics of Lycocerus Gorham (Coleoptera: Cantharidae). Taiwanese Journal of Entomological Studies, 6 (2), 13–23. http://oaji.net/articles/2021/5673-1624548154.pdf

Hsiao, Y. & Oberprieler, R.G. (2021) A review of Paratranes Zimmerman, 1994, Xanthorrhoea-associated weevils of the Tranes group (Coleoptera, Curculionidae, Molytinae), with description of a new species. European Journal of Taxonomy, 767, 117–141. https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.767.1493 

Hsiao, Y. & Oberprieler, R.G. (2021) Bionomics and new host plant records of the Australian trunk-boring cycad weevils (Coleoptera, Curculionidae). Coleopterists Bulletin, 7 pp.

Hsu, Y-F., Wang, L-H., Huang, C-L., Braby, M.F., Lin, W-J., Lin, R-J. & Hsu, Y-M. (2021) Discovery of specialist beech-feeding underwing moths from Taiwan (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Catocalinae) and its implication to biodiversity conservation of Taiwan Beech Forests. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 114 (3), 338–354. doi: 10.1093/aesa/saaa062

Huston, D.C., Cribb, T.H. & Welicky, R.L. (2021) Stable isotope signatures of an acanthocephalan and trematode from the herbivorous marine fish Kyphosus bigibbus (Perciformes: Kyphosidae). Journal of Parasitology, 107, 726–730. https://doi.org/10.1645/21-29

Huston, D.C., Cutmore, S.C., Miller, T.L., Sasal, P., Smit, N.J. & Cribb, T.H. (2021) Gorgocephalidae (Digenea: Lepocreadioidea) in the Indo-West Pacific: new species, life-cycle data and perspectives on species delineation over geographic range. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, in press (online early). https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab002

Jałoszyński, P. & Ślipiński, A. (2021) Revision of the subfamily Ostomopsinae (Coleoptera: Cerylonidae). Zootaxa, 4985(4): 459–481. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.4985.4.2

Jałoszyński, P. & Ślipiński, A. (2021) Afroboganium wakefieldense sp. n. from KwaZulu Natal, South Africa (Coleoptera: Boganiidae: Boganiinae). Zootaxa, 4995 (2), 382–388. doi: 10.11646/zootaxa.4995.2.11

Krantz, G.W. & Halliday, R.B. (2021) Caminurella, replacement name for Caminella Krantz & Ainscough, 1960 (Acari, Uropodina, Trachytidae), preoccupied by Caminella Lendenfeld, 1894 (Demospongiae, Tetractinellida, Geodiidae). Zootaxa, 5040 (1), 149–150. 10.11646/ZOOTAXA.5040.1.9

Lawrence, J.F., Ślipiński, A. & Escalona H.E. (2021) Tainiasoma gen. nov. (Coleoptera: Salpingidae), a new genus from the Australo-Pacific region inhabiting palm fronds, with description of the Australian species Tainiasoma palmarum sp. nov. and its larva. Austral Entomology, 60 (2), 285–294. https://doi.org/10.1111/aen.12523

Lawrence, J.F., Zhou, Y.-L., Lemann, C., Sinclair, B. & Ślipiński, A. (2021) The hind wing of Coleoptera (Insecta): morphology, nomenclature and phylogenetic significance. Part 1. General discussion and Arcostemata-Elateroidea. Annales Zoologici (Warsaw), 71 (3), 421–606. https://doi.org/10.3161/00034541ANZ2021.71.3.001

Lessard, B.D., Kurucz, N., Rodriguez, J., Carter, J. & Hardy, C.M. (2021) Detection of the Japanese encephalitis vector mosquito Culex tritaeniorhynchus in Australia using molecular diagnostics and morphology. Parasites & Vectors, 14 (1), 411. https://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2Fs13071-021-04911-2

Lewis, J. & Sands, D. (2021) Anonychomyrma inclinata sp. nov. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae): description, biology and interaction with the endangered bulloak jewel butterfly, Hypochrysops piceatus Kerr, Macqueen & Sands, 1969 (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae). Austral Entomology, 60, 461–472. doi:10.1111/aen.12556

Li, Y.-D., Tihelka, E., Leschen, R.A.B., Yu, Y., Ślipiński, A., Pang, H., Huang, D., Kolibáč, J. & Cai, C. (2021) An exquisitely preserved tiny bark-gnawing beetle (Coleoptera: Trogossitidae) from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber and the phylogeny of Trogossitidae. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, 00, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/jzs.12515

Melika, G. & Nicholls, J.A. (2021) A new genus of Nearctic oak gall wasp, Grahamstoneia Melika & Nicholls, gen. nov. (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae, Cynipini). Zootaxa, 4999, 456–468. 10.11646/ZOOTAXA.4999.5.4

Melika, G., Pujade-Villar, J., Nicholls, J.A., Cuesta-Porta, V., Cooke-McEwen, C. & Stone, G.N. (2021) Three new Nearctic genera of oak cynipid gall wasps (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini): Burnettweldia Pujade-Villar, Melika & Nicholls, Nichollsiella Melika, Pujade-Villar & Stone, Disholandricus Melika, Pujade-Villar & Nicholls; and re-establishment of the genus Paracraspis Weld. Zootaxa, 4993, 1–81. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4993.1.1

Mound, L.A. (2021) Leeuwenia hollisi sp.n. (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripinae) from New Guinea, with the tenth abdominal segment exceptionally long. Zootaxa, 5004 (3), 490–492. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5004.3.6

Mound, L.A. (2021) Anaphothrips cocos sp.n. (Thysanoptera, Thripinae) from coconuts in Timor Leste. Zootaxa, 4938 (1), 141–144. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4938.1.8

Mound, L.A. & Cavalleri, A. (2021) Zootaxa 20th Anniversary Celebration: Insect Order Thysanoptera. Zootaxa, 4979 (1), 224–225. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4979.1.23

Mound, L.A. & Hastenpflug-Vesmanis, A. (2021) All genera of the world: Order Thysanoptera (Animalia: Arthropoda: Insecta). Megataxa, 006 (1), 002–069. https://www.mapress.com/j/mt/

Mound, L.A. & Ng, Y.F. (2021) Studies on the genus Lefroyothrips, with new records from Malaysia, New Caledonia and a new species from Australia (Thysanoptera, Thripidae). Zootaxa, 4927 (4), 567–575. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4927.4.7

Mound, L.A. & Tree, D.J. (2021) Litotetothrips Priesner (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripinae); an Asian genus newly recorded from Australia with two new species and one new combination. Zootaxa, 5027 (3), 445–450. 10.11646/zootaxa.5027.3.10

Mound, L.A. & Tree, D.J. (2021) Taxonomic problems with Gynaikothrips and related genera (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripinae): the ficorum/uzeli complex and taxa endemic to Australia. Zootaxa, 5023 (4), 537–554. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5023.4.4

Mound, L.A. & Tree, D.J. (2021) Eurynothrips Bagnall (Thysanoptera, Phlaeothripinae): a rare and long-lost Australian genus, with one new gall-inducing species. Zootaxa, 5005 (3), 251–256. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5005.3.1

Mound, L.A. & Tree, D.J. (2021) Tubuliferous Thysanoptera in Australia with an enlarged tenth abdominal segment (Phlaeothripidae, Idolothripinae), including six new species. Zootaxa, 4951 (1), 167–181. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4951.1.9

Nieves-Aldrey, J.-L., Nicholls, J.A., Tang, C.-T., Melika, G., Stone, G.N., Pujade-Villar, J., Buffington, M., Maldonado, Y. & Medianero, E. (2021) Re-description and systematic re-appraisal of the genus Kokkocynips Pujade-Villar & Melika (Hymenoptera: Cynipidae: Cynipini), including new combinations of Nearctic species and the description of a new species from Panama. Zootaxa, 4938, 205–232. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4938.2.3

Pezzini, F.F., Dexter, K.G., de Carvalho-Sobrinho, J.G., Kidner, C.A., Nicholls, J.A., de Queiroz, L.P. & Pennington, R.T. (2021) Phylogeny and biogeography of Ceiba Mill. (Malvaceae, Bombacoideae). Frontiers in Biogeography, 13, e49226.

Quintero-Gutiérrez, E.J. & Halliday, B. (2021) Review of the mite family Parholaspididae Evans, 1956 (Acari: Mesostigmata). Zootaxa, 5005 (4), 401–459. 10.11646/ZOOTAXA.5005.4.1

Rasool, I., Mound, L.A., Soliman, A.M. & Aldhafer, H.M. (2021) The Dendrothripinae (Thysanoptera, Thripidae) of Saudi Arabia, with new records, one new species, and revised status of Pseudodendrothrips stuardoi. Zootaxa, 4999 (3), 219–227. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4999.3.2

Sanderson, C., Braby, M.F. & Bond, S. (2021) Butterflies Australia: A national citizen science database for monitoring changes in distribution and abundance of Australian butterflies. Austral Entomology, 60, 111–127. https://doi.org/10.1111/aen.12513

Shaw, M.R., Giannotta, M., Herrera-Florez, A.F. & Klopfstein, S. (2021) Two males, one female: triplet-style mating behaviour in the Darwin wasp Xorides ata (Hymenoptera; Ichneumonidae; Xoridinae) in the Swiss Alps. Alpine Entomology, 5, 12–22. https://doi.org/10.3897/alpento.5.64803
Shutt, J.D., Trivedi, U.H. & Nicholls, J.A. (2021) Faecal metabarcoding reveals pervasive long-distance impacts of garden bird feeding. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B, 288, 20210480. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2021.0480

Šlapeta, J., Chandra, S. & Halliday, B. (2021) The “tropical lineage” of the brown dog tick Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato identified as Rhipicephalus linnaei (Audouin, 1826). International Journal for Parasitology, 51, 431–436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.02.001

Staude, H.S., Maclean, M., Mecenero, S., Pretorius, R.J., Oberprieler, R.G., van Noort, S., Sharp, A., Sharp, I., Balona, J., Bradley, S., Brink, M., Morton, A.S., Botha, M.J., Collins, S.C., Grobler, Q., Edge, D.A., Williams, M.C., & Sihvonen, P. (2020) An overview of Lepidoptera-host-parasitoid associations for southern Africa, including an illustrated report on 2370 Lepidoptera-host and 119 parasitoid-Lepidoptera associations. Metamorphosis, 31 (3), 1–380. https://metamorphosis.org.za/?p=articles&s=Details&pt=653&i=­1554

Tomaszewska, W., Escalona, H.E., Hartley, D., Li, J., Wang, X., Li, H.-S., Pang, H., Ślipiński, A. & Zwick, A. (2021) Phylogeny of true ladybird beetles (Coccinellidae: Coccinellini) reveals pervasive convergent evolution and a rapid Cenozoic radiation. Systematic Entomology, 46, 611–631. https://doi.org/10.1111/syen.12479

Wang, B., Shi, G., Xu, C., Spicer, R.A., Perrichot, V., Schmidt, A.R., Feldberg, K., Heinrichs, J., Chény, C., Pang, H., Liu, X., Gao, T., Wang, Z., Ślipiński, A., Solórzano-Kraemer, M.M., Heads, S.W., Thomas, M.J., Sadowski, E.-M., Szwedo, J., Azar, D., Nel, A., Liu, Y., Chen, J., Zhang, Q., Zhang, Q., Luo, C., Yu, T., Zheng, D., Zhang, H. & Engel, M.S. (2021) The mid-Miocene Zhangpu biota reveals an outstandingly rich rainforest biome in East Asia. Science Advances, 7 (18), eabg0625. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abg0625

Zhang, Z.-Q., Schatz, H., Pfingstl, T., Goldschmidt, T., Martin, P., Pešić, V., Ramírez, M., Schmidt, K.-H., Fan, Q.-H., Mironov, S., Seeman, O. & Halliday, B. (2021) Discovering and documenting Acari: the first twenty years in Zootaxa. Zootaxa, 4979 (1), 115–130. 10.11646/ZOOTAXA.4979.1.13