2020 Year in Review Australia’s National Science Agency As Australia’s national science agency and innovation catalyst, CSIRO is solving the greatest challenges through innovative science and technology. CSIRO. Unlocking a better future for everyone. Contact 1300 363 400 csiro.au/contact csiro.au Revolutionising how we operate underground Our BIA5 Titan robot on the Queensland Centre for Advanced Technologies’ underground simulation tunnel. The robot is used by our DARPA Subterranean Challenge team to help deploy WiFi nodes and form the main communications trunk for use by other autonomous robots. Our state-of-the-art Boorowa Agricultural Research Station is helping build resilience in Australian farming through testing emerging technologies in crop science, agronomy and farming systems. In recent drought conditions, farmers have relied on CSIRO-developed innovations such as dual-purpose crops, which can be grazed by livestock and grown to harvest, and sowing crops early to tap into moisture. Understanding and managing bushfires We undertake fundamental research into the behaviour and suppression of bushfires for state land management agencies and rural fire authorities. We’re working on better detection methods, enhanced fire spread simulating models (Spark) and suppression effectiveness models to allow agencies to prioritise efforts to suppress new and running fires according to their potential to cause loss. When you engage with us, you tap into our multidisciplinary network of world-class scientists and experts to help solve your innovation challenges. Artificial intelligence transforming Kakadu management We’re partnering with Microsoft, Indigenous rangers, Parks Australia, the National Environmental Science Program’s Northern Australia Environmental Resources Hub, University of Western Australia, Charles Darwin University and Kakadu National Park to mix responsible artificial intelligence (AI) and modern science with traditional knowledge. The AI is removing the need for people to physically collect and review thousands of hours of video to count animals and identify invasive weeds. Challenges and missions We have a unique opportunity for innovation to support recovery through purposeful, coordinated action to achieve strong and inclusive growth. Each of our missions has been designed to support national growth opportunities by creating new industries or supporting our existing ones to thrive. We developed a metal membrane to extract pure hydrogen from ammonia, paving the way for a new export market. Contents From our Chief Executive......................................................................................................................4 Our purpose ...............................................................................................................................................6 Our vision......................................................................................................................................................6 At a glance ...................................................................................................................................................7 Solving the greatest challenges.........................................................................................................9 Understanding and fighting COVID-19 10 Preparing Australia for future extreme bushfire events 11 Missions 12 Australia’s innovation catalyst ..........................................................................................................15 Our investment in emerging areas of science 16 Industry solutions 18 Investing in innovative Australian companies 19 Supporting researchers to shape the future 20 Working with SMEs to develop capability and support innovation 21 Forecasting growth 22 Delivering connectivity to global science and technology 23 Developing national science talent.................................................................................................24 World-class national research infrastructure ............................................................................26 Our people ................................................................................................................................................29 From our Chief Executive In a year that has tested each and every one of us, professionally and personally, I am extremely proud of the critical role Team CSIRO has played for Australia. CSIRO is often at its best when responding to big national challenges. This year, we’ve worked with our valued partners to respond to devastating bushfires, smoke, hailstorms, floods and the global COVID-19 pandemic. As you’ll see in this Year in Review, our people have risen to these challenges without hesitatation and worked tirelessly with dedication, collaborative spirit and integrity. They have kept each other safe, so they can all help keep Australia safe. They have gone above and beyond our expectations to deliver excellent solutions from science when they are needed most. That continues now, as we drive commercialisation of science to new highs to help grow our economy out of recession. To understand and fight COVID-19, we responded with key vaccine research and medical supply production, data modelling and environmental science. We brought more than 70 years of expertise in bushfire research to help with bushfire modelling, prediction and preparation, and monitoring and recovery. And throughout the disruption, around 80 per cent of our people seamlessly transitioned to working from home while maintaining the collaborative spirit that is essential to CSIRO’s success. As we look ahead, our program of missions – major scientific and collaborative research initiatives – are being co-created and delivered by the brightest minds across government, industry, universities and the community, and will be focused on outcomes that lead to positive impact, new jobs and economic growth. These missions speak to the importance of deep and broad collaboration across Australia as no single organisation can solve these challenges alone. It is a privilege to have worked with so many like-minded partners in a true Team Australia approach to serve our nation through outstanding science and research to ensure Australia is ready to meet our future challenges, head-on, together. Dr Larry Marshall Chief Executive, CSIRO At a glance We delivered $7.6 billion of benefit to the nation We injected more than $20 million into the research and development of SME projects We received Gold Employer Status in the 2020 Australian Workplace Equality Index Our Future Science Platforms program grew to a total annual investment of $90 million We engaged with 3,600 customers We worked with 378 international customers and collaborators from more than 50 countries 5,000 people were committed to solving the greatest challenges We had 56 sites in Australia and 3 internationally We received more than $500 million in external revenue We contributed to 17 Cooperative Research Centres 192,000+ students took part in STEM education programs OUR PURPOSE Solving the greatest challenges through innovation science and technology. OUR VISION We are Australia’s innovation catalyst, collaborating to boost Australia’s innovation performance. Solving the greatest challenges The high quality of our research is central to the value we provide to the nation. It is the foundation that enables us to partner with industry, government and society to achieve impact for Australia. Our talented scientists and researchers are working on our response to some of the greatest challenges of our time to deliver innovative solutions that protect our quality of life, our economic health, and our environmental sustainability. Understanding and fighting COVID-19 Around the world, we’re seeing countries and communities being reshaped by the COVID-19 global pandemic. To assist the nation and the world in understanding the virus, we’re drawing on our world-leading research to help in the quest for a vaccine. The work builds on our strong history of protecting people in Australia and around the globe from the threat of infectious diseases. We scaled-up vaccine production through our biological production facility, and we launched Australia’s first accredited surgical face mask testing facility. In addition, we’re tracing the presence of SARS-CoV2 – the virus that leads to COVID-19 – in Australian untreated wastewater, by refining testing methods to help health officials track the disease in communities and manage Australia’s outbreak response. Vaccine preclinical testing In close collaboration with the Coalition of Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, we tested two vaccine candidates at the Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness, our high-containment biosecurity facility in Geelong. COVID-19 survivability We discovered that SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for COVID-19, can survive for up to 28 days on common surfaces including banknotes, glass – such as mobile phone screens – and stainless steel. The research found that SARS-CoV-2 survived longer at lower temperatures; it tended to survive longer on non-porous or smooth surfaces such as glass, stainless steel and vinyl, compared to porous surfaces such as cotton, and survived longer on paper banknotes than plastic banknotes. This work will help researchers more accurately predict and mitigate the virus’ spread to protect communities. It also reinforces the need for good hygiene practices such as regular handwashing and cleaning surfaces. Preparing Australia for future extreme bushfire events For almost 70 years we have worked collaboratively in bushfire research, from understanding and modelling the impact of bushfires on the environment to post-fire assessments and improving infrastructure design. We’ve performed post-bushfire surveillance and research in every major fire event in Australia since the 1983 Ash Wednesday fires. Predicting bushfire spread with next-generation modelling We’re undertaking fundamental research into the behaviour and suppression of bushfires for state land management agencies and rural fire authorities. We’re working on better detection methods, enhanced fire spread simulating models and suppression effectiveness models. When these are linked into a single modelling environment, which we call Spark, they allow agencies to prioritise efforts to suppress new and running fires according to their potential to cause loss. Spark is a state-of-the-art fire spread simulation framework for simulating the spread of fire across the landscape and is used by fire authorities in New South Wales, South Australia, Queensland, Victoria and Tasmania. CSIRO Report on Climate and Disaster Resilience The summer of 2019–20 was defined by a series of consecutive and at times coincident natural events involving a confluence of bushfires, floods, drought and heat extremes. Their cascading effects have impacted Australian communities and industries. Apart from loss of life, the cost to the community and government of these events is significant. In June, we provided a report to the Prime Minister on practical options for Australian governments to support and improve Australia’s climate and disaster resilience. The report includes recommendations on building Australia’s climate and disaster resilience for consideration by governments and is underpinned by a detailed technical report. Missions To help us solve each challenge, we are developing a program of missions that will bolster Australia’s recovery and build long-term resilience. These large-scale, major scientific and collaborative research initiatives will be co-created and delivered by the brightest minds across government, industry, universities and the community, and will be focused on outcomes that lead to positive impact, new jobs and economic growth. We are currently working with partners to co-design potential missions in the following areas: • increasing Australia’s capacity to detect, treat, respond and recover from emerging infectious diseases • securing a future where antibiotics still save lives • building Australia’s clean hydrogen industry • creating technology pathways for low emissions resource industry and agriculture • helping Australia capture high-growth global protein markets • building regional resilience against droughts • boosting export earnings of Australian grown food • safeguarding the health of our waterways by monitoring the quality of our water resources from space • transforming Australian mineral commodities into higher-value products • changing the way we make, use, recycle and dispose of plastics • powering small to medium-sized enterprise growth by improving access to Australian research and development • helping Australia measure, adapt and transition in response to climate risks. Australia’s innovation catalyst We collaborate with Australian and international universities, governments and industries, and with businesses of all sizes. The diversity of our collaborators drives our innovation, from strategic advisory and planning, to research and development, to programs and funding. Organisations, large and small, capitalise on our solutions as catalysts for growth. Spanning a range of scientific disciplines across the various stages of the innovation lifecycle, we apply our research to inform policy, develop new industries and evolve existing sectors ensuring success into the future. Our investment in emerging areas of science A key mechanism to solving the greatest challenges is our investment in cutting-edge, transformative science – science that creates impact. Our Future Science Platforms (FSPs) are multidisciplinary investments that are reinventing existing industries, creating new industries for Australia, and providing a better future for us all. Highlights Since 2016, we’ve invested in 11 areas of promising new science under our FSPs. We’ve developed new technologies and platforms that are changing the way we live. During the year, the program grew to a total annual investment of $90 million. Monitoring biodiversity with eDNA Australia has the world’s largest network of marine reserves and stands to benefit from fast, accurate monitoring to support environmental management. Through the Environomics FSP, we have been developing environmental DNA (eDNA) capability and technologies, which are based on identifying plants and animals in marine environments from free floating fragments of DNA. Our work has shown that eDNA methods can identify more species than conventional surveys with divers and videos, indicating eDNA could be a very effective way to monitor biodiversity. We’re working with the Federal Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment to understand the potential of eDNA for biomonitoring in Commonwealth Marine Reserves. GeCKO platform for mosquito-borne viruses Mosquitoes are a major vector for many diseases that cause a significant health burden worldwide. These diseases include malaria, dengue, chikungunya, zika and yellow fever. Currently, mosquito-borne diseases are controlled by spraying to reduce mosquito numbers, the use of insecticidal nets, and other protective measures such as use of insect repellents and protective clothing. The Synthetic Biology FSP is harnessing advanced genome engineering technology – the Genome wide CRISPR Knock-Out (GeCKO) platform – to better understand how the mosquitoes are able to harbor these viruses. This information will be critical to our ability to reduce disease transmission and to develop new therapeutics, ultimately improving health outcomes for those in need. Industry solutions Businesses work with us to improve their competitiveness, reduce risk, expand markets and develop new industries. We adopt commercialisation pathways to take our research to market including licensing our intellectual property, providing research in exchange for equity, embarking on joint ventures and establishing spin-outs. Fire-resistant panels for ships We helped CBG Systems, a Tasmanian manufacturer of insulation for aluminium hulled vessels such as ferries and catamarans, expand their insultation into other maritime vesels and increase their market share using our Hybrid Inorganic Polymer System technology. New South Wales Digital Twin We successfully launched the.New South Wales (NSW) Spatial Digital Twin platform in conjunction with the NSW Government..The Digital Twin can be used by planners, infrastructure owners, builders, policymakers and residents alike to better understand and respond to the built and natural environment around them. Ontoserver: Australian innovation serves UK health system Our native terminology server technology, Ontoserver, has been chosen as the preferred terminology server under a framework established by the National Health Service (NHS) in the United Kingdom (UK). As winners of a globally competitive tender, Ontoserver will be the NHS Digital National Terminology Server and will also be available for licence. The server will help healthcare information technology systems speak the same language, enabling integrated healthcare and helping healthcare professionals respond to patient needs. We will be partnering with DXC Technology to deliver Ontoserver. Investing in innovative Australian companies The CSIRO Innovation Fund, operated by Main Sequence Ventures, invests in translating publicly funded Australian research into extraordinary global companies. Founded with $100 million from CSIRO and the Australian Government, the Fund has now grown to $240 million following a successful capital raise in 2018. Highlights The Fund has invested in 25 companies across priority areas of feeding 10 billion people, humanity scaled healthcare, exponential machines, space and transport, and new sciences. The Fund has helped to create more than 400 deep technology jobs across the Main Sequence Ventures portfolio of companies. Emesent Emesent was spun out of CSIRO by scientists Dr Stefan Hrabar and Dr Farid Kendoul in 2018 to commercialise their data collection and drone autonomy technology, Hovermap. Hovermap automates the collection and analysis of data in challenging, inaccessible environments such as underground mining where it keeps surveyors safe and away from hazardous areas. After completing our ON Accelerate program, they raised $4.5 million in a funding round led by Main Sequence Ventures and ACAC Innovation. Hovermap is used at over 60 mine sites around the world, and over 3,000 autonomous flights have been performed. In May, the LKAB-owned mine in Kiruna, Sweden, suffered a severe earthquake. Hovermap was used to map the seismic-hit area and assess the extent of the damage, and support decision-making on safely re-entering the mine. Supporting researchers to shape the future Our programs and initiatives, such as the ON Program and SME Connect, help Australia’s most talented researchers and scientists create a positive social, environmental and economic impact with their research and technology. Coviu: putting remote medical access in good health Coviu is a cloud-based video consultation platform that removes the need for physical presence during practitioner-patient consultations. After completing the ON Accelerate program, the Coviu team gained the confidence and ability to pitch their idea and product to the healthcare sector. Coviu facilitates in-house payments, online appointment bookings, in-call clinical tools, and integrates with practice management systems to provide improved continuity of care, greater flexibility, reduced costs and more efficient use of resources. Through Coviu’s platform, clinicians can connect with their patients remotely, allowing potentially infectious patients to be triaged away from crowded waiting rooms and physical clinics. The COVID-19 pandemic has seen a rapid uptake of healthcare businesses accessing Coviu, with over 10,000 medical professionals using the platform to provide comprehensive, safe and quarantine-compliant healthcare to their patients. Working with SMEs to develop capability and support innovation We support collaboration between Australian industry and publicly funded research institutions by bringing small to medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) together with Australia’s best researchers and facilities. We work with SMEs across Australia to support and enable innovation through funding, expertise and resources. Highlights This year, we facilitated 205 research projects for 188 companies, and we injected more than $20 million into the research and development of these projects. Innovation Connections Innovation Connections assists businesses to understand their research needs and connect with the research sector. It also provides dollar-matched funding for research and development projects with universities and research organisations. Incubator Support provides funding to help start-ups develop capabilities to succeed in international markets. We were appointed the national delivery partner for Innovation Connections and Incubator Support. To deliver this program, we will be working with Ai Group, the New South Wales Business Chamber, Business South Australia, Deloitte, i4 Connect and Darwin Innovation Hub. We will receive funding to employ 20 facilitators in Perth, Adelaide, Melbourne, Hobart, Canberra, Wollongong, Sydney, Central Coast, Newcastle, Gold Coast, Brisbane and Townsville. Forecasting growth We combine research expertise with strategic insights and policy advice that helps build strategic plans that allow governments, businesses and industry better prepare for future challenges and opportunities. State of the Climate 2020 This report draws on the latest climate research, encompassing observations, analyses and projections to describe variability and longer-term changes in Australia’s climate. Co-developed with the Bureau of Meteorology, this sixth, biennial report draws on the latest climate monitoring, science and projection information. Observations and climate modelling paint a consistent picture of ongoing, long-term climate change interacting with underlying natural variability. Associated changes in weather and climate extremes such as extreme heat, heavy rainfall and coastal inundation, fire weather and drought have a large impact on the health and wellbeing of our communities and ecosystems. The science underpinning this report will help inform a range of economic, environmental and social decision-making and local vulnerability assessments, by government, industry and communities. Opportunities for economic recovery The COVID-19: Recovery and resilience report highlights the trends and national advantages COVID-19 has created, and how six Australian industries can capitalise on them over the next 6–24 months and beyond. The report highlights job creation and investment opportunities for Agriculture and food, Energy, Health, Mineral resources, Manufacturing and Digital. By acting now, Australian industries can increase productivity and cost efficiencies, as well as create additional revenue from products, services and markets over the next few years. Developing national science talent We have a responsibility to develop Australia’s scientific and research capability, ensuring Australians continue to solve the greatest challenges through innovative science and technology. We’re passionate about inspiring and equipping the next generation of researchers in the innovation system – from school students to early career researchers. Highlights More than 192,000 students took part in STEM education programs. More than 5,400 teachers participated in professional learning programs. We piloted a Virtual Work Experience program, which gave students an insight into STEM skills and careers, which influenced their subject selection and confirmed career pathway choices. Our Indigenous STEM Education Project was awarded the prestigious Australian Museum Eureka Prize for STEM inclusion. The Eureka Prizes honour science excellence across the areas of research and innovation, leadership, science engagement, and school science. Making an impact in partnership with Indigenous communities across Australia Since 2014, we have delivered the Indigenous STEM Education Program with funding from the BHP Foundation. The program lifts Australia’s science capacity and capability by demonstrating how we value Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities and their extensive scientific and cultural knowledge. In just five years, the program has increased student engagement and academic results particularly among Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander students and low-achieving, non-Indigenous students taking part in inquiry programs based on Indigenous STEM knowledge (44 per cent and 59 per cent of these students improved their academic achievement respectively). The program has increased teacher capacity – including embedding a two-way science practice that engages students in classroom and on-country learning activities. It has increased the likelihood of STEM careers: for Year 10 Indigenous students attending the Aboriginal Summery School for Excellence in Technology and Science, 74 per cent now plan to have a STEM career (up from 51 per cent before attending summer school). Delivering connectivity to global science and technology Many of today’s challenges, such as climate change, global economic stability or access to energy resources, are complex, interconnected and have a global reach. Our scientists collaborate with organisations across the globe to solve these challenges facing people, the environment and society. Reducing poverty through inclusive economic growth We delivered the Applied Research and Innovation Systems in Agriculture (ARISA), an $8 million program for the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade under the Australia-Indonesia Partnership for Rural Development. It supported the Government of Indonesia’s development strategy to accelerate poverty reduction through inclusive economic growth. The program focused on the commercial application of innovation in agriculture, bringing together agribusiness and research institutes to make farming innovations more accessible for smallholder farming households in eastern Indonesia. Protecting ecosystems from invasive weeds We collaborate internationally with the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service to discover, evaluate and develop natural and sustainable biological control agents for invasive weeds. One of our biological control agents is helping to manage the broad-leaved paperbark tree (Melaleuca quinquenervia) in Florida. Research with heart We drew on our long history of polymer work to help United States’ manufacturer, Foldax, create their Tria heart valve out of our biopolymer material, LifePolymerTM. The Tria heart valve eliminates the use of animal tissue in the manufacturing process and removes the need for anti-blood clot medication. The valve mimics the natural heart valve, which bridges the benefits of the natural function of the animal tissue heart valves with the scalability of manufacturing synthetic materials to meet demand. World-class national research infrastructure We host world-class national research infrastructure on behalf of the Australian Government to provide the scientific community with access to specialist infrastructure to assist in the delivery of research in the national interest. Highlights We invested in the satellite NovaSAR-1, which provides extremely high-resolution images of Earth from space that will lead to new remote sensing research, training, and data analytics to help us manage the Earth’s resources. While in port in Hobart, research was undertaken using Investigator’s state-of-the-art instruments to collect valuable data about Hobart’s complex atmospheric environment. Astronomers completed the first astronomy surveys with the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP), our newest telescope, and are now examining the data.1 The Pawsey Supercomputing Centre enabled researchers to develop more effective and less addictive oral analgesics for chronic pain from venomous animal toxin. Australia’s first accredited face mask testing facility We launched the nation’s first accredited single-use surgical face mask testing facility in Melbourne, to help frontline health workers in the fight against COVID-19, while supporting Australian business. The new facility, accredited by the National Association of Testing Authorities, has the capacity to provide a rapid turnaround on surgical face mask testing, helping manufacturers fast-track the supply of masks for frontline healthcare workers. Manufacturers can use test results obtained at our facility to demonstrate that the performance of their medical masks is suitable for supplying Australian hospitals. It is also a boost for Australian companies who will not need to send masks and materials overseas for testing, saving time and money. The Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness The Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness (ACDP) is the heart of our COVID-19 response and a vital part of Australia’s biosecurity infrastructure. This world-class facility and Australia’s only Physical Containment 4 lab, draws on our deep expertise in animal and human health combined with capability in genetics, data and machine learning to help fight this virus. To recognise its broader role in human disease prevention, notably relating to zoonotic diseases – diseases that can pass between animals and people – and researching vaccines and potential treatments for COVID-19, its name changed from the Australian Animal Health Laboratory to the Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness. Our people We’re here to help the nation, but we can’t do our best work unless we’re looking after ourselves and each other. That’s what it means to be part of Team CSIRO. This year, we’ve faced a destructive hailstorm event, bushfires and a pandemic, and our people have been at the centre of it all. From our frontline scientists working on a COVID-19 vaccine to our support people helping transition us to remote working. Our people have been adaptable and supportive of one another in the challenging circumstances we have been facing. We have rallied to help each other and our communities. Diversity and inclusion By creating a genuinely inclusive culture where everyone feels a sense of belonging and can bring their diversity to work, our people can realise their full potential. In fact, our science depends on it. More than 50 of our people marched in the 2020 Sydney Gay and Lesbian Mardi Gras Parade demonstrating our commitment to lesbian, gay. bisexual, transgender/gender diverse, intersex and queer (LGBTIQ+) inclusion. Earlier this year, we received Gold Employer Status in the 2020 Australian Workplace Equality Index, which recognised our commitment to equality for LGBTIQ+ inclusiveness. CSIRO Awards In its 35th year, the CSIRO Awards celebrated the outstanding achievements of our people and partners that are unlocking a better future for everyone. This year, we hosted the awards virtually – and everyone was invited! The Sir Ian McLennan Impact from Science and Engineering Medal TraNSIT The CSIRO Medal for Lifetime Achievement Louise Glenn, Dr Philip John Larkin, and Dr Kathleen McInnes The CSIRO Medal for Diversity and Inclusion Domestic Family Violence and Abuse Working Group The CSIRO Collaboration Medal Northern Australian Water Resource Assessment Team and COVID-19 Vaccine Development Team The CSIRO Medal for Support Excellence Flattening the Response Curve Team The Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Engagement Impact Excellence Medal Indigenous STEM Education Project The Chief Executive Team CSIRO Award Dr Simon Barry and Dr Sarah Pearce The CSIRO Health, Safety and Environment Medal for Area Custodian of the Year Australian National Insect Collection Ethanol Collection Relocation Team and CSIRO Alerts Notification Service Project Team The John Philip Award for the Promotion of Excellence in Young Scientists and Engineers Dr Bita Bayatsarmadi and Dr Adrian Murdock The Delia Muller Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Study Award Cassandra Diamond The CSIRO Entrepreneurship Award Creating v2food The Chief Executive Professional Development Award Hayley McGillivray and Max Temminghoff The Chairman’s Medal for Science and Engineering Excellence Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness COVID-19 Team Virtually unstoppable: how we delivered our new way of working During COVID-19, we’ve had around 80 per cent of our workforce working from home – 4,600 people. In response, we scaled our remote access and our collaboration and communication services to cater for the increased levels of use. Our digital capabilities enabled a relatively smooth transition to working from home, which kept us all connected to ensure we could continue delivering on our purpose. We launched our new Working from Home program, providing our people with the resources and support to seamlessly work between home and a CSIRO site. 28,700 minutes of video calls 1,600 WebEx meetings daily, with more than 7,500 participants from around the globe Virtual HS-Me Day HS-Me Day is one day a year where all our sites across Australia suspend work and take time out to focus on making safety, health and wellbeing personal. This year, it looked a little different and we came together for a virtual event, HS-Me Day Special Edition, where we spoke about building personal resilience. There has never been a more important time to prioritise our wellbeing – it was good to take the opportunity to have a break and connect with one another. 1 ASKAP is located at the Murchison Radio-astronomy Observatory (MRO). We acknowledge the Wajarri Yamatji as the Tradition Owners of the MRO site.