NATIONAL 

Circular economy roadmap for 
plastics, glass, paper and tyres 

Pathways for unlocking future growth opportunities for Australia 

SUMMARY | JANUARY 2021



Acknowledgments

The circular economy roadmap has been developed with 
input from 83 business and government participants. 
We thank the Federal Department of Industry, Science, 
Energy and Resources and the Federal Department 
of Agriculture, Water and the Environment for their 
support. We also thank Josh Dowse for advising the 
storyline and Sonja Chandler for editorial services.

Citation and CiP (Main Report)

Schandl H, King S, Walton A, Kaksonen AH, Tapsuwan S 
and Baynes TM (2020) National circular economy roadmap 
for plastics, glass, paper and tyres. CSIRO, Australia.

ISBN 978-1-4863-1496-6 

Copyright 

© Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research 
Organisation 2020. To the extent permitted by law, all 
rights are reserved, and no part of this publication covered 
by copyright may be reproduced or copied in any form or 
by any means except with the written permission of CSIRO.

Important disclaimer

CSIRO advises that the information contained in this 
publication comprises general statements based on 
scientific research. The reader is advised and needs to 
be aware that such information may be incomplete or 
unable to be used in any specific situation. No reliance 
or actions must therefore be made on that information 
without seeking prior expert professional, scientific 
and technical advice. To the extent permitted by 
law, CSIRO (including its employees and consultants) 
excludes all liability to any person for any consequences, 
including but not limited to all losses, damages, costs, 
expenses and any other compensation, arising directly 
or indirectly from using this publication (in part or in 
whole) and any information or material contained in it.

CSIRO is committed to providing web accessible 
content wherever possible. If you are having 
difficulties with accessing this document 
please contact csiroenquiries@csiro.au

This report is current as of August 2020. CSIRO continues 
to actively undertake research into the circular economy 
both internationally and for Australia.



Unlocking Australia’s 
circular economy

Australia is beginning to 
imagine an economy in 
which today’s goods are 
tomorrow’s resources. 

In three related initiatives, the Australian government 
has set a national target to reduce waste to landfill by 
80% by 2030, agreed to ban the export of waste plastics, 
paper, glass and tyres, and committed to develop a 
strategy that radically increases Australia’s capacity to 
generate and market high value recycled commodities. 

The Australian government also seeks to do two 
seemingly independent things simultaneously: reduce 
the environmental impacts and economic costs of waste 
and enhance regional prosperity and employment. 
Recognising that an innovative and systems-based 
approach is needed, the Commonwealth Department 
of Industry, Science, Energy and Resources has asked 
CSIRO to consider what solutions are available. 
CSIRO consulted with 83 industry, research and 
government representatives to determine those solutions. 

This report suggests that Australia has what it needs 
to launch a circular economy strategy that will both 
address fundamental environmental issues and 
foster economic development and employment. 

It sets out:

• Australia needs an integrated and innovative circular 
economy strategy. Promising existing work has not 
yet met that need, so that waste exports and material 
extraction both continue to rise, and Australia lags 
further behind other countries in a growth market.
• A circular economy strategy that integrates material 
flows and enabling institutions in six elements 
• Strategies across the four major waste resource 
streams of paper, glass, tyres and plastics that will 
overcome challenges identified by stakeholders 
• Clear roles for participants in the circular 
economy, spanning the public, household, 
government, private and non-profit sectors
• The actions needed to build on this report and 
implement an Australian circular economy strategy 


CSIRO presents this strategy as a practical 
and achievable approach for Australia to 
transition to a resource-efficient path.



Australia needs an integrated circular 
economy strategy

An integrated circular economy 
strategy is needed to meet our 
intrinsically linked environmental, 
economic and social needs. 

Australia needs to deal with both its immediate waste 
management issues as well as the long-term sustainability 
of its natural resources. These are issues it shares with other 
nations, both individually and collectively. Our traditional 
‘take-make-dispose’ consumption pattern is hitting 
two walls: ever-more-expensive primary materials, 
and ever-more-unacceptable ways of dealing with waste. 
More recently, the global pandemic has disrupted global 
supply chains which challenges Australia to be self-sufficient 
with sovereign manufacturing capability. As landfills 
are compromising our environment and Australia has a 
limited recycling industry, Australia has been exporting 
its waste: 4.4 million tonnes in 2019, mainly to Asian 
nations, including 1.4 million tonnes of plastic, paper, 
glass and tyres. Partial bans on the export of this waste 
are now limiting that option as Australian government 
leadership commits to domestically processing our waste.

To achieve this Australia needs to transition to a circular 
economy in which today’s goods are tomorrow’s 
resources. This will reduce the pressure to extract or 
import virgin materials, in ever more sensitive areas, 
and reduce the impact of landfills on our aquifers, 
oceans and greenhouse gas emissions. Innovation 
in waste recycling and product design creates 
opportunities for economic and science collaboration 
with our regional neighbours, export opportunities 
for technologies and jobs in regional Australia.

We recognise the need for action

In the last three years, there have been several inquiries 
and projects to address waste management and recycling, 
culminating in the National Waste Policy 2018 and 
accompanying Action Plan 2019. At the Council of Australian 
Governments (COAG) meeting on 9 August 2019, the Federal 
Government and State Governments have developed 
a timetable to ban the export of waste plastic, paper, 
glass and tyres, and develop a strategy to build Australia’s 
capacity to generate high value recycled commodities 
domestically and associated demand. Leaders agreed 
the strategy should draw on the best science, research 
and commercial experience, including CSIRO. 

Significant challenges to a circular economy 
will need to be overcome

Five interlocking challenges are stifling 
progress toward a circular economy: 

• Loss of source material through sub-optimal product 
design, consumption, and collection, so that valuable 
resources are lost to landfill, dumped, stockpiled or 
disposed on site. Commingled kerbside collection means 
that potentially recyclable material is contaminated 
by glass fines, electronic waste, nappies, textiles and 
organic waste. The use of composite or problematic 
material in product design and packaging exacerbates 
the problem, as does product design for obsolescence 
rather than for repair, reuse, disassembling and recycling. 
• Lack of reprocessing capacity limits the potential for 
manufacture from recycled material. Australia needs to 
grow the sorting and recycling infrastructure needed to 
retain that source material. Potential investors face high 
capital and operating costs and small profit margins, 
and the economies of scale needed are beyond reach. 
• Lack of end markets for secondary materials. 
Corporate and government procurement can often 
stick to the products they know: often cheaper 
imports made from virgin resources or subsidised 
recyclates. Similarly, there seems little appetite 
for investment to test and commercialise niche 
innovations in secondary material manufacturing. 
• Lack of consistency across jurisdictions in consumer 
education, industry standards, and waste governance. 
All product stewardship and sustainable design 
schemes are voluntary, and the good intentions of 
some consumers and businesses are overwhelmed 
by inconsistent policies and disposal fees and a 
regulation bypass for imported goods. 
• Lack of system-wide capability to support a circular 
economy slows down the transition towards increased 
value recovery. Australia needs accurate material 
flow, life-cycle and industry asset data to support 
nationwide waste governance and innovation through 
the product stream. Such data are incomplete for the 
four material streams of plastic, glass, paper, and tyres. 


Together, these challenges represent a relative 
lack of understanding about the principles of the 
circular economy and how to foster it, especially 
in SMEs. These challenges can only be overcome 
with a concerted effort to build a national culture 
that values the re-use of secondary materials. 



The six elements of the circular economy 

While there is a clear circular flow for materials 
through three broad stages in the circular economy 
(represented by the inner circle), Australia must also 
address three primary enablers to achieve a circular 
economy (represented by the outer circle).

1. Retain material through use and collection

Materials that are kept in circulation are valuable twice 
over: they reduce the need for virgin materials and 
reduce waste going to landfill. The less processing 
they need in the cycle, the more valuable they are. 
The product cycle has to allow for easy disassembly, 
collection and sorting infrastructure – to retain as 
much high-quality secondary materials as possible.

2. Upscale and innovate recycling technologies

To capitalise on quality feedstock, Australia needs to 
radically improve its recycling capability. Innovation 
must be pursued through government-research-industry 
collaboration. Improved planning is needed for reverse 
logistics and state-of-the-art recycling technology integrated 
with industry and commerce. Depending on transport 
economics, regions can house either major waste and 
recycling hubs, or smaller-scale community-based solutions.

3. Innovate and collaborate in design 
and manufacture

In some existing product streams, especially glass, 
recycled material can be readily substituted for virgin 
material. Many more could draw on recycled material, 
if the product design or the supply chain policies 
encouraged it. However, the biggest opportunity is for 
the circular economy to be a principle of Australia’s 
growing investment in innovation, with government, 
science and industry incorporating secondary 
materials in product design and business models. 

4. Develop markets for secondary materials 
and the products that use them

High quality secondary material is of little value if there 
is no market for it and additional effort is needed to 
develop that market. Three initiatives are needed, 
at a minimum: Product standards must allow the use 
of secondary materials wherever possible. Government 
agencies and sustainable corporations can seize the 
opportunity and implement procurement practices to 
‘buy recycled’, particularly in construction. Financial 
incentives can encourage the use of recycled products.

5. Streamline nationally consistent governance 

Reducing waste is a valuable public good, and so the circular 
economy must be supported by favourable regulation. 
Australia needs nationally consistent standards for material 
use and collection, to allow recycling hubs to reach 
economies of scale. We need uniform rules and mechanisms 
to reduce the cost and increase the levels of compliance. 

6. Secure a national zero-waste culture

None of these things will be possible without a national 
culture that thinks ‘re-use’ before ‘throw out’ and acts 
accordingly. Every channel should be used to support 
that vision, to change mindsets and guide behaviours 
both at home and at work. That extends from clear and 
consistent product labelling and recycling instructions, 
up through industry and local initiatives, and ultimately 
to national campaigns, metrics and targets. With this 
vision supporting an effective strategy, more investment, 
collaboration, innovation and skill-building will follow. 



Strategies to build enablers and 
overcome challenges 

ELEMENT

STRATEGIES

1. 

Retain material through 
use and collection

Improved collection 
Effective consumer education; dedicated collection systems (clean and cross-contamination 
materials); banning of landfilling, dumping, stockpiling and on-site disposal, and reverse 
logistics

Improved sorting
Upgrading MRFs; aligned contractual arrangements, improved data collection

2. 

Upscale and innovate 
recycling technologies

Increase capacity for plastics, paper, and tyres
Strategic investment aligned to infrastructure and innovation plans; streamlined 
approval processes

Foster regional recycling 
Local recyclate; hubs with reverse logistics; precincts committed to circular economy; 
micro-factories, composting and waste-to-energy 

3. 

Innovate and collaborate 
in design and manufacture

Circular product design
Eco-design of products; packaging in one material stream, retreadable and durable tyres

Tie the circular economy to innovation 
Leverage national and industry innovation programs; incorporate circularity principles; 
pursue novel solutions for niche problems

4. 

Develop markets for 
secondary materials 
and their products 

Drive procurement policies
Government and corporate procurement, including forward commitments, financial incentives

Innovate business models
Replace at risk virgin materials; research novel products; collaborate on economics 

5. 

Streamline nationally 
consistent governance 

Harmonise governance 
Harmonise waste policies, regulations, levies and quality standards for imports, waste collection 
and recycling fees, standards for products with recycled content, single use plastics, 
construction materials and other applications

Streamline compliance
Implement consistent auditing and accreditation and remove burden of duplicated or 
ineffective compliance

6. 

Build a national 
zero-waste culture

Change the national culture 
Consistent public campaigns, labelling and instructions for households, commerce and 
government; national metrics, data and targets; International participation 

Support industry participation
Grandfather existing contracts; promote material stewardship; promote participation in the 
circular economy supply chain; build resilience to system shocks







Staged priorities across the four 
material streams

Plastics priorities

2022

• Government procurement; 
• sorting technology; 
• infrastructure investment; 
• and standards development and industry 
pledges to increase market demand.


2025

• Regional and niche demonstration projects 
improved data across supply chain, consistent 
labelling and consumer education.


2030

• Standardise council waste contracts, 80% plastics 
recovery rate, commercial scale feedstock recycling.


Glass priorities

2022

• Uncontaminated, sorted glass at collection; 
• streamline standards and compliance burden. 


2025

• Innovation in recycled products and processing; 
• entry of SME and regional operators.


2030

• 80% glass recovery; 
• virgin material drops under 20% of input; 
• recycling an essential service.




Paper priorities

2022

• Uncontaminated paper at kerbside collection; 
• harmonised standards; 
• new domestic demand for recovered paper products.


2025

• Regional facilities for recycling fibre; 
• 100% packaging to re-use, recycle or compost; 
• national targets and data tracking.


2030

• 80% recovery rate; 
• regional Australia the centre of paper ecology; 
• Australian solutions for low-quality 
paper recycling adopted globally. 


Tyre priorities

2022

• Mandatory tyre stewardship, quality standards 
and increased levies for imports; 
• harmonised transparent recycling fees 
to fund recycling infrastructure. 


2025

• Tyre disposal bans; 
• harmonised national governance; 
• and specifications for recyclates; 
• procurement policies and financial 
incentives for recycled material use.


2030

• 100% recovery; 
• new market platforms for industrial ecology, reverse 
logistics, innovation parks and non-tyre infrastructure. 




Plastics priorities

Australia consumes 3.4 MT of plastics and recycles just 
12% of end-of life plastics. Just over 60% of what is 
recovered is exported, earning $43M in 2018, but that 
export will be banned from 2021 (mixed plastics) and 
2022 (unprocessed single type plastics). To process what 
was previously exported, Australia must increase its 
recycling capacity by around 150%. There is no single 
‘silver bullet’ for this transition to a circular economy 
in plastics, as there are many types of plastics, and the 
challenges are numerous and often interconnected. 

However, the biggest single need is to create more 
markets for recycled plastics, which will underpin 
confidence for investors to build recycling infrastructure. 

Increased market demand will flow from better information 
across the supply chain and quality standards to provide 
confidence that material is fit for purpose. Plastics 
challenges are best overcome by collaborative projects 
between manufacturers and recyclers to bring together 
the supply chain. A good example is the collaboration 
between Cleanaway Waste Management (resource supply), 
PACT Group (packaging capability) and Asahi Beverage 
Group (market need), supported by the NSW Government 
to recycle PET at a new facility in Albury/Wodonga. 

Based on the analysis of 4 technology examples, 
investments of $99 million in a MRF Facility, LDPE 
processing, rPET processing and feedstock recycling 
(catalytic reactors to produce synthetic oils) would 
abate 140kt of plastics and generate 94 jobs 
(not including LDPE processing or construction). 

The priorities to increase domestic 
processing and develop a circular economy 
for plastics in Australia are:

• Design and collection: Design packaging 
to be 100% recyclable. Optical sorting 
technology to reduce contamination 
levels and sort plastics into types.
• Infrastructure: Connect waste processing 
and manufacturing sectors to replace virgin 
resources with recycled resources, develop new 
infrastructure for processing plastics (washing, 
flaking and pelletising) and niche business 
models for plastics not collected via MRFs
• Market development and innovation: Increase 
government procurement of recycled plastic 
products; develop standards for recycled 
plastics to support infrastructure investment 
and confidence in virgin resource substitution; 
identify and remove barriers to adoption in major 
infrastructure; monitor and track increased market 
demand; national program for plastics research. 
• Circular economy vision: Increase 
product stewardship; campaigns to reduce 
plastics pollution, increased adoption 
of the Australasian Recycling Label and 
education on household recycling 
• Governance: Grants, loans and streamlined 
approvals to stimulate recycling infrastructure 
investment phase out or ban problematic, 
unnecessary single-use plastic packaging; 
connect to international initiatives




Glass priorities

By 2030, Australia aims to double its domestic recycling 
of glass to reach two-thirds of all end-of-life glass 
and recover 80% of glass across the supply chain.

To do that, Australia must focus on recovering 
clean, sorted glass at source, as well as finding 
applications for low-quality waste glass.

Clean, separated waste glass (or “cullet”) is a 100% recyclable 
material, valued at about $70/tonne for packaging glass 
(bottles and jars) and even more for flat glass. It is totally 
substitutable for virgin material, and requires less 
energy, additives and processing in glass manufacture.

However, over a quarter of Australia’s end-of-life 
glass went to landfill in 2018, with a further 20% 
stockpiled for undetermined future use. At the same 
time, two-thirds of glass manufacturing inputs 
were sourced from virgin material or imports. 

The problem is that mixed, compacted waste glass is difficult 
and costly to sort and clean post-collection. It can have 
a low or even negative value (i.e. pay for it to be removed). 

The best solution is to separate waste glass from other 
materials at the collection point. Clean, separated feedstock 
opens opportunities for smaller recyclers, micro-factories 
and recycled glass applications at regional scale.

There are also opportunities for capturing the 
highest value forms of glass – flat and architectural 
glass. As well, Australia has more than 12 million 
glass solar panels installed, many of which will 
reach end-of-life over the next 10 years.

While clean, sorted cullet has a ready market, currently 
about 30-40% of collected glass is not appropriate for 
glass packaging manufacture. It requires an alternative 
market, for example as glass sand in road base and asphalt. 
An investment of $20M could generate 150 jobs and 
process up to 200 kt per year, valued at $2.4M per year. 

The specific actions needed to improve the quality 
of waste glass at the collection point are:

• Zero waste culture: Comprehensive behaviour 
change initiatives with niche technologies and 
if needed financial incentives to clean and sort 
used bottles and jars at home and work.
• Use and collection: Provide collection bins for 
separated glass (for example, Yarra City Council 
is trialling separation at source with 1,300 
households). Reverse logistics to reduce transport 
costs. Where separation at collection is not 
feasible, some investment in optical and digital 
sorting capabilities can raise recovery rates 
• Consistent governance: Track high-value glass 
flows from beginning to end, especially for 
flat glass. Update waste regulation to allow 
glass to be stored in quantities that meet 
the demand of infrastructure projects. 




Paper priorities 

Australia already recycles 2.16 million tonnes or 39% of 
the 5.6 Mt of used paper and cardboard that we generate 
each year. So there is a circular paper economy to build 
on, and paper can be recycled up to seven times if it stays 
in a clean feedstock loop. However, too much of the paper 
and cardboard we send for recycling is contaminated, 
adding to the 2.24 Mt that goes directly to landfill. 

Given Australia already has a developed paper recycling 
industry, it should focus on reducing single-use paper 
and addressing the leakage from lower value fibre. 

This would include replacing single-use paper products 
with reusable materials, sorting used paper products 
more effectively, and using lower-value end-of-life paper 
in construction, composting and for energy recovery. 

Australia should also continue to earn income from 
exporting about 800 kt of bulk clean cardboard. 
As we already meet almost all of our domestic 
needs for recycled board, it makes sense to export 
it to where it can be processed and re-used. 

To support these shifts, Australia needs targeted 
action in five elements of the circular economy: 

• Design and manufacture: Embed circular economy 
thinking, particularly in SMEs – designing products 
for circularity, substituting disposable paper 
products with reusable products, simplifying 
packaging to single source materials, and 
removing hazardous inks and polymer coatings. 
• Use and collection: Less contamination 
of paper in domestic curbside collection, 
particularly from glass and organics, and less 
paper use in large public and private sector 
institutions. This would deliver uncontaminated 
feedstock for high-value recycling.
• Recycling: Explore capital investment to recycle 
uncontaminated feedstock into corrugated-
packaging, box board or recycled office paper.
• Market development: Using procurement 
guidelines and certification processes for existing 
secondary materials and developing more 
options in construction, energy and compost 
for low quality mixed paper. For example, 
a regional waste-to-energy facility could 
abate 280 kt of paper fibre per year.
• Consistent governance: Giving potential users 
clearer data on the availability of secondary 
material, through industry standards, life cycle 
assessments and infrastructure mapping. 
Setting national targets embedded in 
state-based plans with progress metrics.




Tyre priorities

Currently, Australia recycles or re-uses domestically 
just 14% of its used tyre stock. Another 55% is exported 
for a modest income, and 31% is sent to landfill or 
just stockpiled, dumped or buried on-site in the 
mining and farming sectors. These other actions 
have an unacceptable environmental impact.

Australia has a clear opportunity to increase 
the capture of tyres for value recovery and 
to invest to build domestic recycling capacity.

As an indication of the investment needed, the cost to 
annually process 1 ton of used tyres is estimated to be 
$133 for civil construction, $160 for shredding, $480 for 
crumbing and $1,660 for pyrolysis. For comparison, 
disposal of tyres to landfills in jurisdictions where 
it was still allowed costed $600-1,900/t. 

In terms of employment, civil engineering with 
used tyres could employ 6-7 people/kt, shredding 
0.4 people/kt, crumbing 1.2 people/kt, pyrolysis 
1-2 people/kt and retreading 10.4 people/kt. 

This opportunity would turn the mounting cost of 
tyre disposal into recurring employment and income 
from a valuable secondary material and fulfill the 
latent national desire for a more circular economy.

The actions to secure this opportunity include:

• Consistent governance: A mandatory national 
tyre stewardship scheme. This would be funded 
by an increased levy on all imported tyres, and a 
transparent, consistent and higher recycling fee 
for all new tyres with a higher proportion of that 
fee going to recyclers. It would be enforced by 
strict bans on landfilling, dumping, stockpiling 
and on-site disposal and mandatory auditing and 
accreditation of operators and online tracking of all 
tyre transports; minimum quality standard for all 
imported tyres to ensure durability and recyclability.
• Infrastructure: Investment in infrastructure 
that facilitates collection, reverse-logistics 
and recycling of used tyres and that 
helps to avoid or reduce tyre use.
• Market development: Procurement policies 
and financial incentives for retreaded tyres, 
tyre-derived products and fuels, and new 
market models, such as tyre leasing.
• Innovation: Support for research, innovation, 
performance evaluation, demonstration, 
upscaling and commercialisation of new innovations 
that support the circular economy of tyres.
• Education and culture shift: Multi-tiered 
education to support circular economy of 
tyres and a zero-waste culture shift. 




Clear roles for all participants

All participants in the 
circular economy have 
a shared responsibility 
to make it efficient 
and effective.

Government

Government agencies at all three levels can influence 
a more sustainable circular economy by:

• setting the leadership agenda with harmonised policy, 
targets, benchmarking and regulation of which the 
National Waste Policy Action Plan is a good example
• funding priority areas with grants, subsidies or 
taxation incentives and loans for infrastructure
• leading community education initiatives, and
• setting standards in its own procurement 
to support the circular economy.


Industry

In the circular economy, industry participants include 
sectors that consumer large quantities of tyres, plastic, 
paper and glass,specialist waste management and 
manufacturing sectors, as well as infrastructure, product, 
service and investment companies who either use or can 
sponsor recycled products. While private firms will make 
their own investment decisions, industry organisations 
can support them and the circular economy by:

• coordinating input into policy, research 
and supply chain priorities 
• initiating or brokering collaborative 
pilots and research initiatives, and
• liasing with government on local, state 
or national policies and initiatives.


Community

The primary community actors are the households and 
small businesses, who collectively generate most of 
Australia’s recyclable waste. Their roles are paramount in:

• the primary cleaning and sorting of 
recyclable paper, plastics and glass
• Return of used tyres for value recovery
• consumption decisions that favour products 
of recyclable material and packaging, and
• supporting government actions towards a 
more sustainable circular economy.


Secondary community actors include non profit 
organisations that can both advocate on behalf of 
households for equitable and efficient regulation 
towards the circular economy, and support 
households in adopting the recycling behaviours 
on which the circular economy depends.

Research

Agencies such as universities and the CSIRO 
have both research and facilitation roles, 
undertaken either independently or at the 
request of any other participants, to:

• identify barriers through the value chain 
• identify possible solutions, whether original 
or existing in Australia or overseas
• test those solutions with industry participants
• engage with and inform government policy, and 
• track progress against targets. 




Building the roadmap is just the start

CSIRO has set out this roadmap after in-depth interviews 
with 83 stakeholders including companies, universities 
and government agencies, a review of the national and 
international literature, and testing the viability of options 
in the Australian economic and regulatory context.

It sets out specific industry initiatives to retain and 
maintain the quality of primary materials, improve 
collection and sorting systems, and build the national 
capacity to reprocess all four waste materials.

These actions for the material flow must be supported 
by a harmonisation of national governance, sharper 
development of new markets and business models, 
and most of all a shift towards a ‘zero waste’ culture. 

The next steps needed to advance this vision may be to:

• convene through the National Cabinet a mechanism 
to harmonise the governance of material flows, as part 
of its pursuit of a national circular economy strategy
• facilitate a national summit to refine this 
roadmap into a clear and agreed national 
strategy, and to secure responsibilities for it
• establish metrics and baseline data 
to track the loss of materials 
• inject the principle of the circular economy into 
Australia’s innovation funding, initiatives and objectives
• fund demonstration projects of closed loop 
industry, particularly in the regions
• link with one or more other countries with similar or 
complementary material economies, to inspire ideas 
and commitment for those leading the national effort.


The priorities set out in this 
roadmap form the basis for 
a circular economy strategy 
that will address fundamental 
environmental issues, and 
foster regional employment. 

CSIRO looks forward to 
working with industry and 
government stakeholders 
on these solutions. 



For further information

Land and Water

Dr Heinz Schandl
+61 2 6246 4345 
heinz.schandl@csiro.au