Whale sharks are the largest fish in the sea but much of their behaviour is still unknown. In a world-first, we’ll be attempting to hit the marine jackpot and determine how old whale sharks are using DNA samples. We’re also placing trackers on them to discover where in the ocean they travel and how deep below the surface they go from one of their favourite hangouts – Ningaloo Reef in Western Australia.
We are tagging these majestic beasts at Ningaloo Reef to understand how they interact with the Reef’s ecosystem, as well as their movements to other parts of Australia and around the globe.
Some simple facts about whale sharks
- Whale sharks are immense in size and can grow to 12 metres in length.
- They are slow moving and love chowing down on krill.
- They gravitate to Ningaloo Reef because it offers an abundance of food at this time of year.
- One in six whale sharks that cruise around Ningaloo Reef are male. The whereabouts of all the females remains a bit of a mystery.
- Whale sharks visit Ningaloo Reef from March to September, but are migratory and have been recorded travelling thousands and thousands of kilometres in all directions.
The tagging sleuths of Ningaloo Reef
Satellite tags give us a view from above, providing location information and insight into diving behaviour which is really important to understand what they are doing and why they are doing it.
Our tags have revealed that whale sharks travel as deep as 1.8km from the ocean’s surface. They also venture quite a distance with some whale sharks turning up at Christmas Island, 1500kms from Ningaloo Reef, and even the Gulf of Carpentaria, 3500kms away!
One challenge with tagging is that it’s difficult to keep them attached. Some tags have stayed on for as long as nine months, giving us long-term migration information over several thousand kilometres.
It’s an age thing: how old is a whale shark?
In short, no one knows. During this field trip, we’re researching genetic ageing, which has never been attempted before on sharks or fish before. Genetic ageing provides a critical piece of information: the whale shark’s life history.
Taking DNA samples will help determine how old the whale sharks are, including their age at any measured length, how long it takes them to mature and how long they live for. Putting these pieces of the puzzle together is vital so we can estimate how many whale sharks there along the Western Australian coast and east Indian Ocean.
To identify individual sharks over multiple years of sampling and to gain accurate estimates of length and growth we’ll photograph each animal and record it using stereo video. Recording the unique patterns on whale sharks will enable us to identify each individual.
Ningaloo Outlook – the big picture
Our whale shark research is just one part of our Ningaloo Outlook research project, a $5.4 million, five-year partnership with BHP to deepen our understanding of the Ningaloo Reef ecosystem that provides shelter and food for a diverse range of marine life like sea turtles.
We are also quantifying marine debris in the area, with data indicating Ningaloo Reef as one of the cleanest reefs in the world, including surveying the coral reefs to understand and monitor changes to the environment and how to protect this marine environment for the future.
Science in action
It’s not only scientists that are involved in our research at Ningaloo Reef – we work closely with the community, including the local school, who are dab hands at helping us gather data. We also hold an annual competition to name the tagged whale sharks and turtles we find with the winners announced at the Exmouth Whale Shark Festival. The most recent tagged whale sharks have been named Eddy, Morse and Tiny.